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EN
Considers presented in this article fall under the topic of perspectives of relational leadership. Exploration of the specific mechanism in the construction of the relationships between the political leaders and their followers have been the subject of psychological needs. Complementary to those needs can be the foundation of coherent relations between the leader and his followers. Coherent relationships can also provide the similarity principle which is most frequently mentioned among the many reasons to establish inter-personal relationships. The authors principle in the article is referred to as the cognitive similarities of a leader and his followers. These considerations are preceded by an analysis of a specific type of relationship between a leader and his followers called a charismatic leadership. In this case charisma is not seen as the feature of a single leader, but as a product of the social perception of a larger group of people.
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EN
The concept of trust in the context of voting behavior is difficult to define, because it is not a factor specific solely to this domain. Firstly, trust is an essential element of social life. It is the essence of social capital that has significant impact on many issues – education, economic growth, crime level, quality of functioning of the democratic institutions, community of the citizens. Secondly, in large partly due to the multiple contexts of use of this concept, there are difficulties as regards distinguishing it from related concepts such as empathy, community, respect, kindness, brotherhood, esteem, unity. Despite the many shortcomings and imperfections in the concept of trust, it appears that the concept is well understood intuitively – individuals answering questions in surveys on trust seem to understand the concept very well, and their expressed trust level is proportionate to their individually observable behaviour.
EN
The presented research is part of the pursuit of psychological determinants and factors differentiating between voting behaviors and ideological preferences of Polish voters. Many empirical studies prove the existence of significant relations between the values preferred by a person and the person’s behaviors, which also has its robust evidence in the area of studies on electoral behaviors. The aim of the article is to analyze the system of higher-order values (conceptualized by Shalom Schwartz) of the 2015 parliamentary election electorates and individuals with different ideological self-identifications. The obtained results point to several interesting issues, e.g. they show the weakest preference for strength ening oneself, common for all the electorates, and the most contrasting system of values represented by the voters of the Kukiz`15 group.
EN
The article is an attempt to analyze the relations between political trust and one of the greatest problems of the public domain: political corruption. It seems obvious that corrupt behaviors revealed in the public space are supposed to undermine citizens’ political trust. This thesis has been empirically verified many times. The author of the paper presents the cause and effect model with institutional trust as the independent variable. The article is an attempt to analyze the possible directions of its influence on political corrupt behaviors, assuming political trust to be the starting point, not the consequence, of the “social disease” occurring in the public domain.
EN
The article presents the analysis of different factors which are or may be the source of corrupt behaviors among the citizens. The analysis refers to the field of formal actions taken by the services whose goal is to protect broadly understood security of the residents. Psychological sources are then presented, emphasizing the corruption-generating role of the low level of trust and individual competition orientation. The social factors are first of all the mechanism of social comparisons, which can activate the consent to corruption or justify the person's unethical behaviors. Educational factors are also discussed, with consideration of the fact that school is the institution which should properly shape young people's attitudes, making them sensitive to unethical behaviors and providing them with competencies and knowledge connected with the ability to behave in difficult situations. These areas, though apparently distinct, are integral parts of the system and they mutually stimulate or inhibit each other.
EN
The article seeks to answer the question of whether, and if yes – to what extent, voters are guided by economic issues in their decisions about electoral participation (activity or passivity in the elections). The analysis of this question was carried out in the context of declared electoral behavior of the respondents in elections which took place in 2014, namely to the European Parliament and the Polish regional (voivodship) parliaments. Detailed analysis was aimed at verifying the sociodemographic variables that could significantly differentiate the subjective importance of the economic factor in decisions taken on electoral participation. These empirical considerations took into account variables such as sex, age, education, marital status, financial situation, professional status and place of residence.
EN
According to theories presented in scholarly literature concerning the subject, women are perceived in terms of soft qualities such as empathy, agreeableness, friendliness or mildness, whereas politics is presented as ruthless and full of conflicts. Therefore, dispositions expected from politicians are not compatible with the culturally and socially held elements of the feminine role. The aim of the study is to compare the weight of two factors: qualities attributed to women, and qualities attributed to politicians. The verification is presented through an experiment (N=82). Its procedure involved the respondents’ initial evaluation of female leaders of Polish political parties in the 2015 parliamentary election, and then showing them campaign spots in which the evaluated women were straightforwardly presented as active politicians. After watching the spots, the respondents were asked to evaluate the women once again. The results of the experiment demonstrated that in the main traits indicated in the pre-test were those resulting from the social role and deep-rooted stereotypes. This perception was significantly changed by the stimulus affecting the participants, i.e. the exposure to campaign spots, in which the three women were presented as active politicians.
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