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Coleman versus Collins: Dva odlišné přístupy k teorii jednání v americké sociologii

100%
Subrt J.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2007
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vol. 16/29
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issue 2
61-76
EN
The article confronts James Coleman's and Randall Collins's approaches towards action theory: reviews both their similarities (based on the importance of micro-sociological perspective for understanding social macro-level) and differences (their attitude towards the assumed rational nature of human action). Coleman supports the homo oeconomicus thesis and understands actors as beings, which make rational decisions and direct their actions on the basis of costs and gains calculations. Collins, on the other hand, emphasizes the extra-rational factors of emotions and routine. By putting up these approaches against each other two ideal type constructions arise, which are particular intellectual modes yet cannot comprehend social reality in its full complexity.
2
Content available remote

ANTINOMIES OF SOCIAL MEMORY (Antinomie socialni pameti)

100%
Subrt J.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2011
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vol. 43
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issue 2
133-157
EN
Theoretical thinking in the humanities and social sciences is formed by opinions often based on very different starting points. As a result, there are certain recurrent theoretical problems, which appear to us as antinomies, dilemmas and paradoxes. The study of social memory shows that even in these areas there are many conflicting opinions. This article outlines ten antinomies characterised by the following terms: individual memory and collective memory, spirit and matter, saving and deleting, irrevocable and revocable history, spontaneous and purposeful memory, myth and science, rationality and irrationality, liberating and traumatic memory, connecting and dividing memory, enlightenment and incorrigibility.
3

Claude Lévi-Strauss a problém tzv. synchronického času

100%
Subrt J.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2009
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vol. 31
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issue 1
49-63
EN
In societies described as 'cold' by Claude Levi-Strauss, the historical dimension is coded into myths, traditions and rituals. Levi-Strauss says that ritual is an 'instrument for the destruction of time'. The key to the author's idea of the opposition of synchronicity and diachronicity is found in his work 'The Savage Mind', in which he talks about a never-ending struggle between these two which initiates totemic thinking. In current sociology, Levi-Strauss' concept of reversible time is utilised by Anthony Giddens, who adapts it in his structuration theory. However the concept of synchronous (structuralist) reversible time is simultaneously the subject of a critique from the perspectives of cultural anthropology (Alfred Gell) and sociology (Barbara Adam). At the article's conclusion, the argument is made that when Levi-Strauss talks about cold societies, which tend to banish history from the consciousness, it doesn't mean that he is trying to overrule the laws of logic or physics (as he is accused by Gell) but at tempting to see the world through the eyes of a specific type of society and to understand time from the perspective of a 'native'.
4
Content available remote

Dialog mezi hluchými“? K problematice vztahu sociologie a historie

100%
Subrt J.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 5
969-989
EN
The article discusses the relationship between sociology and history in three steps. The first part compares the opinions of researchers who believe that the dividing line between sociology and history should be transcended (Giddens, Abrams) and those who fundamentally disagree with this view (Goldthorpe). The second part looks back in time to show the reciprocal ties between history and sociology as they gradually grew apart and then drew closer again, leading to the emergence of historical (comparative) sociology. The third part deals with the subject of social change, which is viewed as a key problem in historical sociology, and is also seen as an area of research where sociology and history should join forces to address social issues.
5

Does Systems Differentiation Present a Risk for Contemporary Society?

100%
Subrt J.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2009
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vol. 31
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issue 2
25-39
EN
For Niklas Luhmann modern society is a functionally differentiated society, i. e. it is composed of heterogeneous but equal parts which are relatively independent and are defined as social subsystems. Luhmann's analysis presents contemporary society as a whole differentiated into functionally dependent yet autonomous sub-systems that constitute neighbouring worlds for each other. This raises the question of the existence or non-existence of potential unifying forces or integration mechanisms. In Luhmann's view the main problem is the non-existence of means of 'metacommunication'. The development of specialised media and codes in the individual sub-systems increases the overall complexity of the social system, but does not entail the metacommunication that would make possible the self-observation and self-reference of the social system as a whole.
6
Content available remote

Veřejné mínění o problematice českých dějin

63%
Pfeiferova S., Subrt J.
Naše společnost (Our Society)
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2009
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vol. 7
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issue 2
16-23
EN
The article of a mostly empirical character is drawn from archive data, from the sources of the Centre for Public Opinion Research, and from the first phase of the undertaking of a project of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic entitled 'The Sociological Research of the Historical Consciousness of Inhabitants of the Czech Republic'. The theoretical part of the text is based on the concept of collective memory, especially on the idea of the selectivity and changeability of contents saved in the memory. This article also presents quantitative data concerning the perspective held by public opinion on Czech history, and qualitative perspectives on historical consciousness attained through the use of focus groups.
7

SYSTEM COMMUNICATION IN MULTICENTRE WORLD (WHAT LUHMANN SYSTEMS THEORY DECLARES) (Systemova komunikace v multicentrickem svete (O cem vypovida Luhmannova systemova teorie))

63%
Subrt J., Pincova B.
Communication Today
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue 2
6-18
EN
The paper deals with the problems of communication as they are analyzed in the framework of the systems theory of Niklas Luhmann. For Luhmann, modern society is functionally differentiated society, i.e. it is composed of heterogeneous but equal parts which are relatively independent in nature and which are denoted as partial social systems, i.e. sub-systems. The condition necessary for the existence of social systems is communication, and to ensure this, the systems create social mechanisms - the media- whose purpose is to stabilize the communication processes. In social development, there have been differentiated media sub-systems communications, which Luhmann regards as symbolically generalized media. Luhmann's analysis presents contemporary society as a whole differentiated into functionally dependent yet autonomous sub-systems that constitute neighbouring worlds for each other. On the basis of its observations of society, each sub-system generates its own image and thus instead of a centrally conceived world a multicentre world emerges.
8
Content available remote

K otázce historického vědomí obyvatel České republiky

63%
Subrt J., Vinopal J.
Naše společnost (Our Society)
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 1
9-20
EN
This article describes the results of an initial survey which is a part of broader project of sociological research into the historical consciousness of inhabitants of the Czech Republic. Firstly, the topic is put into the context of conceptions of historical consciousness and collective memory. This is followed by an outline of the public's interests in history and its different fields, their sources of information and self-evaluation of historical knowledge. Next the article deals with the issue of Czech national history, especially how the public evaluates different historical periods and the level of pride Czech people feel about their national history. The final section addresses the problem of the historical consciousness of citizens on a more general level; it summarizes opinions on the course of the historical process, the importance of different influences on it, and also on the role which history plays in contemporary society.
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