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Rola czasopisma „Junak” (1943–1947) w kształtowaniu postaw młodzieży szkół junackich na Bliskim Wschodzie

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Pietrzak J.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
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2018
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vol. 27
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issue 4
113-129
EN
During the Second World War more than 120,000 Polish war exiles came through the countries of the Middle East. More of them were soldiers and civilians evacuated from USSR in 1942. There were more than 20,000 young people under 18 among them. Polish authorities organized various schools and educational centers. The so-called “Young Soldiers” and “Young Women Auxiliary Service” schools were established in 1942 in Palestine and Egypt for children and youth under care of the Polish Military Forces. There were elementary, secondary and trade schools among them. From March 1943 to May 1947 the headquarters of the schools and Polish YMCA published a paper “Junak”. The author analyses texts published in “Junak” and main ideas and values dedicated to pupils. Links with pre-war “state education” as well as with political thinking characteristic for General Anders’ Army circles are examined.
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Górnośląska misja Wojciecha Stpiczyńskiego. Z działalności piłsudczyków w okresie powstań i plebiscytu (1920-1921)

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Pietrzak J., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. H.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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1999
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vol. 66
EN
A problem of the interior struggle for political influence on the Polish liberation movement in the Upper Silesia in the period of Silesian’s uprisings and plebiscite, and closely connected to it a question of the relations between the Polish political and military authorities and the insurgent movement awakes more and more interest of the historians. Wojciech Stpiczyński - a main hero of this article - as a commander of the plebiscite’s team of the military secret service (Department „B” of the 2nd Department of the Staff of the Ministry of Military Affairs) played an important part in the government’s action of support to the military movement in conspiracy in the Upper Silesia and later - as a delegate of government - to the 3rd Silesian uprising. His activity as an unofficial political emissary of the Piłsudski’s camp (called also - belwederski) in the Upper Silesia is worth noticing. It was specially important at the finally phase of the 3rd Silesian uprising and just after the end of insurrection. Stpiczyński, as an organiser and then an effective political head of the Association of the Former Insurgents (Związek Byłych Powstańców - ZPB) - which constituted a kind of continuation of the military organisation, tried to paralyse the influences of the Christian- Democratic political camp and National-Democratic one in Silesia. He was considered by them as a main person responsible for the realisation of the Pilsudski’s policy in Silesia, and due to that fact he was attacked very strongly by the press connected with those camps because of the abuses of the military intelligence service in the autumn 1921. In spite of the mission had been over in the end of 1921, Stpiczyński managed to play an important role in the establishing of Püsudski’s supporters influence among the former Silesian insurgents.
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Wśród uchodźców na Węgrzech i w podziemiu w kraju. Wojenne losy ppłk. Wacława Lipińskiego (1939-1945)

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Pietrzak J.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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1997
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vol. 60
EN
Colonel Wacław Lipiński (1896-1949) was a veteran of the World War I (in J. Piłsudski’s Ist Brigade of Polish Legions), a regular army officer, a historian and a publicist. He was one of the best popularizers of Polish modem history, however he was often criticized for creating Piłsudski’s legend. In September 1939 Lipiński, as a chief of propagand, became a hero of the defence of Warsaw. At the beginning of the occupation he went to Hungary to avoid his expected arrest by Gestapo. He was active there as a publicist and lecturer. In 1942 Lipiński returned Poland and became a leader of Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych - KON (The Assembly of the Organizations for the Independence of Poland). It was one of small but active groups of the Resistance, created by former members of Pilsudski’s political camp - sanacja. KON opposed strongly Polish Government in exile. Lipiński criticized its dependence on Great Britain, a compromise with USSR (Sikorski-Majski Treaty, 1941) and a withdrawal of Piłsudski-ites from an influence on politics and army. He warned also against Soviet domination over post-war Poland and opposed an anti-German insurrection. Lipiński presented his opinions in brochures and articles published in conspiracy as well as in memorials for political and military authorities. Although sanacja underground groups had a little influence on the political Resistance, Lipiński expressed one of the most controversial conceptions of Polish political thinking during the World War II. After the war Lipiński took part in the anti-communist underground movement. In December 1947 he was sentenced to the death penalty during the world-famous trial of the leaders of the underground opposition. Although the sentence was officially changed, Lipiński was probably murdered in a prison in 1949.
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„Polityka i Społeczeństwo” 2004, nr 1; 2005, nr 2; Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego

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Pietrzak J., Łódzki U.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2005
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vol. 4
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issue 2
5
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Dokonania łódzkiego środowiska historycznego w XX wieku - konferencja naukowa

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Pietrzak J., Łódzki U.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2003
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vol. 2
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issue 1
6
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Sympozjum „Rewolucja 1905–1907 w Łodzi. W 100. rocznicę”

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Pietrzak J., Łódzki U.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2005
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vol. 4
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issue 1
7
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Sympozjum naukowe „«Niepodległość» (1929-1939). Pismo, jego twórcy i środowisko”

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Pietrzak J., Łódzki U.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2005
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vol. 4
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issue 2
8
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Sytuacja polityczna w Polsce w latach 1944–1947 w świetle „Biuletynu Wolnej Polski” – pisma Związku Patriotów Polskich na Środkowym Wschodzie

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Pietrzak J., Łódzki U.
Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
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2008
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vol. 7
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issue 1
EN
During World War II communists organized some political groups in Polish Army on Middle East as well as among Polish civilian war refugees in Palestine. On the beginning of 1944 Związek Patriotów Polskich na Środkowym Wschodzie (Polish Patriots' Association on the Middle East) was founded with strong support from Palestinian Communist Party. The organization was very active in propaganda and it published its own paper "Biuletyn Wolnej Polski" ("Bulletin of Free Poland") from March 1944 to May 1947. Articles published in the Bulletin tried to discredit Polish Government in Exile and Polish Underground State and they gave a false picture of Poland ruled by communists as "democratic" and "normal" country. Communists were eager to make a political confusion among Polish exiles. Mter the War they persuaded Polish war refugees to return to Poland, because a mass home-coming would be a great success of communist propaganda. Among authors of the Bulletin there were some very intelligent and well-educated publicists who tried to avoid traditional communist slogans. However Palestine was not easy field for their activity, because most of refugees had a very strong anti-communist attitude and many of them had had tragic experiences in Soviet Union earlier in the War.
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