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EN
Cornel West’s diagnosis of the crisis of the American democracy is the subject matter of this article. Analyzing the condition of the American democracy of the end of XX and the beginning of XXI centuries, C. West focused on the individual, existential character of the crisis. The diagnosed state had according to him much affect not only on political issues, but first and foremost on the spread of nihilism among American citizens. Nihilism – is understood in the C. West as senselessness of life and low self-esteem is the subject matter of this article.
EN
The diversity of religious beliefs still surprises even scholars most familiarwith these phenomena. What is most surprising is the sheer numberof practices that reflect relations between deities and men – ranging from„devotion”, „cooperation”, to trying to „trick” deities. There have beenmany theories explaining the cause of these relations and the diversityof religious beliefs including the simplest, that these relations are true andreflect an ontological order.Leaving the question regarding the existence of supernatural beingsaside, we’re still left with a very interesting issue of human beliefs. Whydo we have such different beliefs? Why are we so attached to them? Do theyhave anything in common? What were the origins of religious beliefs? Did they changed through time?Pascal Boyer, French anthropologist studying the human mind and theprocess of learning among other issues tries to answer these, and otherquestions. He bases his answers on scientific researches of other scholars – anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, cognitive psychologists andlinguists. Boyer employs researches from such different scientific fieldsto find a new and very interesting way to try to reach the origins of religious beliefs, to reconstruct the process of forming beliefs concerning themetaphysical/non-physical world. He also tries to explain the nature of relations between men and deities. As a result of his efforts he created a theory explaining beliefs and religious behaviors that refers only to the mechanisms of human brain, and this theory is the subject of this article.
PL
W moim artykule przybliżyłem genezę największego sprzeciwu Afroamerykanów wobec rasowej segregacji i prawnej dyskryminacji w Stanach Zjednoczonych, którego esencję stanowił Ruch na Rzecz Praw Obywatelskich zapoczątkowany w połowie lat pięćdziesiątych XX wieku. Skoncentrowałem się na trzech wydarzeniach, które stały się symbolicznymi wyznacznikami początku Rewolucji Czarnych, jak określa się wydarzenia lat 1954 – 1968. Poruszone zostały kwestie przyczyn i uwarunkowań wybuchu tego masowego ruchu walki Afroamerykanów z dyskryminacją i znaczenia tych wydarzeń dla Afroamerykanów i społeczeństwa amerykańskiego. Trzy tytułowe „iskry”, których analizy się podjąłem, dotyczą różnych aspektów życia i pozornie wydają się nie być ze sobą związane. Cóż może mieć ze sobą wspólnego morderstwo młodego, czarnoskórego chłopca, decyzja Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych oraz bojkot publicznych środków transportu? W artykule starałem się wykazać, że poszukując genezy wybuchu Rewolucji Czarnych niechybnie natrafiamy na te trzy wydarzenia i trudno jest przeoczyć ich ogromne znaczenie dla Ruchu na Rzecz Praw Obywatelskich.
EN
In the paper I examine the genesis of the largest opposition of Afro-Americans against the racial segregation and legal discrimination in the United States, whose essence is the Civil Rights Movement initiated in the mid 1950s. I focused on the three events, which have become the symbolic determinants of the beginning of the Black Revolution, as the events of the 1954-1968 are called. The questions of causes and determinants of the rising of this mass movement of Afro-Americans’ struggle against discrimination as well as the meaning of those events for the Afro-Americans and the American society have been touched. The three eponymous “sparks”, which I further analyze, refer to the various aspects of life and seemingly are not connected to each other. What may the murder of a young black boy, the verdict of the Supreme Court of the United States and the boycott of the public transport have in common? In the paper I attempt to prove, that when searching for the genesis of the breakout of the Black Revolution, one will inevitably come across those three events and it is difficult to overlook their great importance in regard to the Civil Rights Movement.
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