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EN
The article indicates the main signs of cultural activity of the Kashubian populace in Bytów land from its beginnings in the Reformation period to contemporary times. It points out the first initiatives in the modern period and in the 19th century, although it focuses on the period following the cultural awakening of the Kashubians at the turn of the 19th century. In the interwar period, the main factors for culture creation were Polish schools and the activity of the Union of Poles in Germany. Their legacy has in great part become the basis for the development of the Kashubian movement after the Second World War, especially in the second half of the 1940s and after October 1956. The true renaissance of the Kashubian cultural activity occurred after the 1989 breakthrough and stems from both the favour of the state and local governments and the activity of the local environment.
PL
W artykule wskazano główne przejawy aktywności kulturowej ludności kaszubskiej na ziemi bytowskiej od jej początków w okresie reformacji po dzisiaj. Zwrócono uwagę na początkowe inicjatywy w okresie nowożytnym i w XIX wieku, jednak główną uwagę poświęcono okresowi następującemu po przebudzeniu kulturowym Kaszubów na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. W okresie międzywojennym głównymi czynnikami kulturotwórczymi były polskie szkoły oraz aktywność Związku Polaków w Niemczech. Ich dziedzictwo w dużej mierze stało się bazą dla rozwoju ruchu kaszubskiego po drugiej wojnie światowej, szczególnie w drugiej połowie lat czterdziestych oraz po październiku 1956 roku. Prawdziwy renesans aktywności kulturowej Kaszubów nastąpił po przełomie 1989 roku, a wynika zarówno z przychylności władz państwowych i samorządowych, jak i aktywności środowiska lokalnego.
PL
This essay concerns Adam Leszczyński’s book Ludowa historia Polski. Historia wyzysku i oporu. Mitologia panowania [A People’s History of Poland: A Story of Exploitation and Resistance – the Mythology of Ruling] (2020) and presents Leszczyński’s main theses concerning the mechanism of the centuries-long exploitation of the popular classes by the nobility and later elites, the ideological justification of their domination, and the violence that accompanied it. The essay highlights how Leszczyński constructed his narrative, his theoretical and methodological premises, and his clearly declared ideological and ethical attitude. At the same time, however, the essay emphasizes that the book is highly selective in several aspects, as can primarily be seen in its omission of the history of the western and northern parts of Poland and concentration on the social and economic processes unfolding in the territory of the Russian partition. This focus had an impact on Leszczyński’s findings and conclusions, which the author of the essay questions.
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EN
The object of the article is to present changes that took effect after 1989 in Kashubia and its society in the sphere of identity, institutions, policy and adopted legal regulations. Analysis focuses on the institutional dimension (changes in the Kashubian movement, its pluralization, organizational development, access to new spheres of activity) and the identity of the group. Special attention is drawn to the deep changes introduced in education, mass media and scholarship. In the light of conducted research the Kashubian community appears to be a close-knit group, immune to assimilation processes, with a strong sense of distinction, but at the same time in its vast majority attached to the Polish national identity and with a definite self-image (the main characteristics of this autostereotype include: piety, diligence, devotion to one’s land, perseverance even up to the point of obstinacy, patriotism); the group also has quite a numerous elite.
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