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PL
Najnowsza książka Grzegorza W. Kołodko "Dokąd zmierza świat. Ekonomia polityczna przyszłości", to trzecia część, po takich pozycjach jak "Wędrujący świat" i "Świat na wyciągnięcie myśli", swoistej trylogii autora. Podobnie też, jak i te wcześniejsze części, można ją uznać za wyjątkową nie tylko w literaturze polskojęzycznej, ale i światowej.
EN
The absolutist model of administrative police, perceived as a sphere of the activity of public authority, is based on two pillars. The material pillar concerns the purpose of police activity, which is to achieve overall prosperity (including the prosperity individuals), in the shape specified by the monarch. The formal pillar concentrates on ius politiae — the general authorization of the monarch to perform each forcible interference in the sphere of the rights of the subject, intended to achieve overall and individual prosperity. Contemporary institution of forced evacuation corresponds to the material pillar of the absolutist model of administrative police, as it allows public authority to evacuate an individual in case of threat for their life, even despite the opposition of the individual. The institution of order regulations seems to be a contemporary reminiscence of ius politiae. In the form of order regulations the organs of public administration, using a general competence, are entitled to establish legal norms, the content of which is not specified in the statute.
EN
The paper discusses and evaluates proposals from various economists and politicians on how to reduce procyclicality-or behaviors positively correlated with the overall state of the economy-in the banking sector. The author juxtaposes these proposals with specific reform measures, both those that have already been implemented and those planned in the future. Małecki defines procyclicality as “such operations of banking sector entities that contribute to more intense fluctuations in the business cycle.” The author reviews arguments that either support or counter the proposition that the banking sector is procyclical. He then looks at these arguments in the context of reforms that have already been implemented or are expected to take effect in the future. The key conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis is that there is no single miracle remedy for the problems arising from the procyclicality of the banking sector, Małecki says. An optimal measure that could help significantly reduce the procyclicality effect is a combination of various measures involving structural reforms as well as changes in banking regulation and in how stabilization policy is pursued, the author adds. Structural and regulatory reforms carried out in the banking sector in recent years have generally followed the path recommended by many economists, according to Małecki. The same goes for changes in how countercyclical macroeconomic policy has been pursued, the author says. However, these changes have not been radical enough and leave a lot to be desired in terms of an optimal mix of reforms designed to prevent procyclicality in the banking sector, the author concludes. Thus, it is hardly possible to expect that procyclicality will be substantially limited any time in the foreseeable future, Małecki says.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie i ocena zgłaszanych przez ekonomistów i polityków gospodarczych propozycji przeciwdziałania procykliczności sektora bankowego, a następnie konfrontacja z tymi propozycjami reform już realizowanych oraz zapowiadanych. Procykliczność jest tutaj rozumiana, jako takie funkcjonowanie sektora bankowego, które przyczynia się do wzmacniania wahań koniunktury gospodarczej. Dla zrealizowania tego zamierzenia najpierw pokrótce przytaczane są argumenty przemawiające za tezą o procykliczności sektora bankowego. Następnie przedstawiane są różne propozycje przeciwdziałania tej procykliczności. Wreszcie, z omawianymi propozycjami konfrontowane są reformy, zarówno już realizowane jak i zapowiadane. Podstawowym wnioskiem z przeprowadzonej analizy jest, iż nie ma jednego, cudownego remedium na problem procykliczności sektora bankowego. Optymalnym rozwiązaniem, które mogłoby pozwolić na istotne ograniczenie tej procykliczności, wydaje się połączenie różnych działań obejmujących zarówno reformy strukturalne, zmiany regulacji, jak i zmiany w sposobie prowadzenia polityki stabilizacyjnej. Podjęte w ostatnich latach reformy strukturalne i regulacyjne sektora bankowego, a także zmiany w sposobie prowadzenia antycyklicznej polityki makroekonomicznej zmierzają we właściwym, postulowanym przez wielu ekonomistów kierunku. Jednocześnie są one zdecydowanie nie dość daleko idące i pozostają odległe od przedstawionej w niniejszym artykule kombinacji tych reform, uznanej za optymalną z punktu widzenia przeciwdziałania procykliczności sektora bankowego. Tym samym trudno oczekiwać w dającej się przewidzieć przyszłości istotniejszego ograniczenia tej procykliczności.
EN
The objective of this article is to demonstrate how political and economic circumstances surrounding Poland’s prospective accession to the eurozone have changed over the last decade and what conclusions can be drawn from these changes. With this objective in mind, it is first important to understand how Poland’s geopolitical situation has changed unfavourably in recent years and what threats arise from this. Next, the evolution of economists’ views on the cost-benefit balance of eurozone accession and the purpose of adopting the euro are critically evaluated. Three conclusions have been formulated. First, in the new political situation, it should be in Poland’s vital national interest to ensure that the European Union is in the best possible condition and to establish a favourable position within the EU. It appears to be highly unlikely that this objective will be accomplished without Poland joining the eurozone. Second, contrary to a widespread view, eurozone accession does not necessarily entail a high risk of economic crisis or long-term stagnation. New studies demonstrate that the serious problems that some eurozone countries have experienced were, to a larger extent, a consequence of political mistakes made by these countries rather than institutional defects of the eurozone. Analysis of these mistakes and remedial action taken will make it possible to seriously limit the economic risk related to eurozone accession. Third, the issue discussed in this article is of fundamental significance to the future of Poland and it should be addressed by decision makers, even if Poland’s current authorities are highly sceptical of eurozone entry.
PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, jak w ostatniej dekadzie zmieniły się uwarunkowania polityczne i ekonomiczne przystąpienia przez Polskę do strefy euro, i jakie z tych zmian należałoby wyciągnąć wnioski. Dla zrealizowania tego celu najpierw pokazano, jak niekorzystnie dla Polski zmieniła się w ostatnich latach sytuacja geopolityczna, i jakie z tego wynikają zagrożenia. Następnie omówiona została ewolucja poglądów ekonomistów na bilans korzyści i kosztów z przystąpienia do strefy euro i na celowość takiej akcesji, po czym poglądy te poddane zostały krytycznej ocenie. Sformułowano trzy wnioski. Po pierwsze, w zmienionej sytuacji politycznej polską racją stanu powinna być jak najlepsza kondycja Unii Europejskiej i znaczące w niej miejsce Polski. Tymczasem jest bardzo prawdopodobne, iż celu tego nie da się zrealizować bez przystąpienia przez Polskę do strefy euro. Po drugie, wbrew rozpowszechnionym w ostatnich latach poglądom, taka akcesja nie musi wiązać się z bardzo znacznym ryzykiem kryzysu gospodarczego i długotrwałej stagnacji. Nowe badania pokazują, że poważne problemy części krajów strefy euro wynikały w większym stopniu z błędów popełnionych w polityce tych krajów niż z instytucjonalnych defektów samej strefy euro. Analiza tych błędów i podjęcie w konsekwencji odpowiednich działań pozwoli w bardzo dużym stopniu ograniczyć ryzyko ekonomiczne związane z akcesją. Po trzecie, omawiana w artykule problematyka ma tak fundamentalne znaczenie dla przyszłości Polski, iż należy ją podnosić, nawet jeśli obecni decydenci polityczni w Polsce nie chcą nawet o niej słyszeć.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to interpret the phenomenon of "financialization" of business cycles and identify its consequences, which take the form of indispensable, substantial changes in the way stabilization policy is applied. The paper also aims to present further desirable research directions concerned with both the theory of business cycles and the Polish economy. To this end, the term, origin, and manifestations of financialization of business cycles is illustrated. Next an attempt is made to propose a "new" stabilization policy taking into account the full complexity of the process of financialization of business cycles based on a critical analysis of both the existing stabilization policy and proposals for changes to this policy that have been put forward in the literature in recent years. The financialization of business cycles means a radical increase in the importance of financial factors in the generation and course of business cycles. Three of the many conclusions regarding stabilization policy seem to be the most significant. First, the most important role of stabilization policy is prevention in the growth phase of the business cycle - based on preventing credit booms that lead to the emergence of speculative bubbles on the real property and/or asset markets. Second, in the recession phase, it is critical to correctly recognize the nature of this recession as this determines the way stabilization policy should be pursued. In particular, balance sheet recessions require specific stabilization-oriented actions to be taken. Third, stabilization policy should be understood in broader terms than it traditionally is; it should rather be seen in terms of economic policy.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie zjawiska finansjalizacji cykli koniunkturalnych, wskazanie jego konsekwencji w postaci niezbędnych, zasadniczych zmian w sposobie prowadzenia polityki stabilizacyjnej i wreszcie nakreślenie dalszych, pożądanych kierunków badań, zarówno dotyczących teorii cyklu koniunkturalnego, jak i odnoszącychsię do gospodarki polskiej. Dla zrealizowania tego celu najpierw wyjaśnione zostaną pojęcie, geneza i przejawy finansjalizacji cykli koniunkturalnych, a następnie – opierając się na krytycznej analizie zarówno dotychczasowej polityki stabilizacyjnej, jak i pojawiających się w ostatnich latach propozycji jej zmian - podjęta zostanie próba zaproponowania „nowej” polityki stabilizacyjnej, uwzględniającej już w pełni zjawisko finansjalizacji cyklu koniunkturalnego. Finansjalizacja cykli koniunkturalnych oznacza radykalny wzrost znaczenia czynników finansowych w generowaniu i przebiegu wahań koniunktury gospodarczej. Z kolei spośród licznych wniosków dotyczących polityki stabilizacyjnej trzy wydają się najistotniejsze. Po pierwsze, najważniejszą funkcją polityki stabilizacyjnej powinna być prewencja w fazie wzrostowej cyklu koniunkturalnego, polegająca na zapobieganiu boomom kredytowym prowadzącym do powstawania bąbli spekulacyjnych na rynkach nieruchomości i/lub innych aktywów. Po drugie, w fazie recesji kluczowe znaczenie ma prawidłowe rozpoznanie charakteru tej recesji, gdyż od tego zależy, jak prowadzona powinna być polityka stabilizacyjna. Zwłaszcza tzw. recesje bilansowe wymagają specyficznych działań stabilizacyjnych. Po trzecie, polityka stabilizacyjna powinna być rozumiana szerzej niż to się tradycyjnie przyjmuje, tak iż powinno się mówić raczej o polityce gospodarczej.
Prawo
|
2016
|
issue 320
57-70
EN
The evolution of administrative economic law into public economic law should cause extension of the scope of this section of law, corresponding to its name containing two determinants. However, the scope of public economic law presented in contemporary Polish comprehensive manuals of public economic law does not contain any references to economic criminal law, which is undoubtedly a section of law situated within the confines of public law. In order to determine the meaning of the determinant “public” in the name “public economic law” two models were proposed. In a “shaping” model the determinant “public”, together with the determinant “economic”, defines the scope of public economic law. Only accepting the view on economic law as an independent branch of law and — consequently — the view on public economic law as a divisive factor of the economic law as an independent branch of law allows to justify an omission of economic criminal law provisions which should be included into criminal law. Regarding economic law as an independent branch of law does not entitle one to include such provisions into it if they are classified as a part of another independent branch of law — in this case: criminal law. Another model is a “descriptive” one, in which the determinant “public” does not define the scope of public economic law — the scope is determined by the definition of public economic law. The only role of the determinant “public” is to describe a category of provisions that are included in public economic law. The model, however, does not justify the omission of economic criminal law provisions in the manuals because of a broad shape of the definition of public economic law presented in Polish literature.
EN
The Donetsk school of economic law began to emerge at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s in the Soviet Union, and then continued its activity after Ukraine gained independence in 1991. The Donetsk school of economic law presented the view on the legitimacy of separating economic law as an independent branch of law, whether in the conditions of the command economy or in the system of the market economy. During the period of socialism, the view on the independence of economic law was justified primarily by the specificity of the subject of regulation of economic law, which were social relations developing in the sector of the state socialist economy, with the participation of state economic organizations. After the collapse of the USSR and the adoption of the market economy system by Ukraine, economic law was distinguished on the basis of the specificity of its subject of regulation and the method of regulation. The subject of economic law regulation is economic activity, which is a manufacturing activity (production, performance of works and provision of services), and, at the same time, an activity consisting in organizing the use of assets. The method of regulating economic law involves combining the method of binding orders and the method of autonomous decisions by adjusting them to the needs of implementing the social economic order, based on ensuring the harmonization of public and private interests and guaranteeing partnership relations in the economy. Representatives of the Donetsk school of economic law played a dominant role in the preparation of the Economic Code of Ukraine (adopted in 2003), which comprehensively regulates the sphere of economic activity, covering both vertical and horizontal legal relations formed with the participation of economic entities.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 327
285-299
EN
Conceptual work on the codification of administrative law was carried out in Soviet science in the years 1956–1967. The borders of this period are marked by: 1956, when during the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the necessity of intensifying research on the structure of the Soviet law system was emphasized, and 1967, when the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided on the direction of codification works by ordering a draft of the principles of the USSR and Soviet Republics legislation in the field of administrative responsibility. In the discussion on the codification of administrative law, Soviet science focused on problems such as: the desirability of codification at the all-Union or republican level, the limits of administrative law subject to codification and the legitimacy of preparing a general administrative code or separate legal acts regarding specifi c institutions and areas of administrative law.
EN
Distinction of the set of norms called ,,private administrative law” is conditioned by the recognition that the theorem on the public-law affiliation of administrative law is of typological relevance, not of classification relevance — in every branch of law (also in administrative law) it is possible to distinguish, in various proportions, norms of public and private law. The norms of private administrative law set the legal framework for public administration to use forms of activity that traditionally belong to private law in a way that prevents “escape to private law”, fusing private-law forms of activity and public-law protective measures. Public procurement law is presented as a model area of legal regulation within the scope of private administrative law.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 329
193 - 205
PL
Katalog instrumentów reglamentacji podejmowania działalności gospodarczej ujęty w rozdziale 4 Prawa przedsiębiorców (koncesja, zezwolenie, wpis do rejestru działalności regulowanej) nie wyczerpuje ogólnej struktury reglamentacji podejmowania działalności gospodarczej w polskim porządku prawnym. W licznych ustawach regulujących poszczególne dziedziny działalności gospodarczej unormowane są instrumenty prawne warunkujące dopuszczalność podjęcia działalności znajdujące się poza katalogiem wynikającym z przepisów Prawa przedsiębiorców — jakkolwiek wywołują one zbliżony skutek do instrumentów wynikających z Prawa przedsiębiorców, ich istota prawna jest odmienna. Instrumenty te należy zaliczyć do kategorii niewłaściwej reglamentacji podejmowania działalności gospodarczej, w odróżnieniu od reglamentacji właściwej, wpisującej się w konstrukcję ujętą w rozdziale 4 Prawa przedsiębiorców. Z uwagi na rozproszenie instrumentów niewłaściwej reglamentacji podejmowania działalności gospodarczej w trzech różnych gałęziach prawa w obrębie reglamentacji niewłaściwej wypada wyróżnić reglamentację prawnogospodarczą, prawnoadministracyjną i prawnopodatkową.
EN
The catalog of instruments of reglamentation of economic activity included in chapter 4 of the Law of Entrepreneurs (concession, permit, entry in the register of regulated economic activity) does not exhaust the general structure of the reglamentation of undertaking economic activity in the Polish legal system. Numerous laws regarding specific fields of economic activity regulate legal instruments determining the admissibility of undertaking economic activity, which are located outside the catalog resulting from the provisions of the Law of Entrepreneurs. Although they have a similar effect to instruments arising from the Law of Entrepreneurs, their legal substance is different. These instruments should be included in the category of improper reglamentation of undertaking economic activity, in contrast to the proper reglamentation, which falls within the structure included in chapter 4 of the Law of Entrepreneurs. The instruments of improper reglamentation of undertaking economic activity are dispersed in three different branches of law — economic law, administrative law, and tax law.
Prawo
|
2017
|
issue 323
253-261
EN
Method of promotion forms apart of the dispositive method of regulation (in abroad sense) which is typical for the method of regulation in the field of economic law. Method of promotion is marked by the benefits that are provided for entrepreneurs who follow patterns of behavior indicated in non-binding promotional norms. The benefits may be of financial nature, consisting of state aid measures and tax exemptions. In the Polish legislation the method of promotion is used to encourage entrepreneurs to conduct innovative activities, employ people with disabilities and participate in the social integration of excluded people.
EN
The possibility of taking up and practising liberal professions is generally dependent on the possession of professional qualifications, set out in law. The need to obtain certain qualifications often stems from the necessity to protect such goods as life, health and property. These might be referred to as ‘police goods’. They are existential for the functioning of the state, society and individuals, and are protected within the most important and most significant function of the state, which is the police. One of the areas of the police is the economic police, related to the protection of police goods against threats that may arise as a result of economic activity.Among the liberal professions there are those for which the requirements of obtaining certain qualifications result from the need to protect life and health. These are, in the first place, professions whose performance on the basis of appropriate qualifications guarantees a high level of protection of the life and health of the direct recipients of services provided by a person performing a liberal profession. This applies to the medical professions – doctors, dentists, nurses, midwifes, pharmacists and physiotherapists. Secondly, it is necessary to mention the professions the performance of which on the basis of appropriate qualifications guarantees a high level of protection of life and health of the undetermined group of persons. These professions include that of the architect and civil engineer.A disputable issue is whether professions whose representatives are to protect their clients against unfavourable or unlawful disposal of their own property can be considered liberal professions, where the requirement to obtain certain qualifications results from the need to protect police states and goods. These are legal professions, as well as the professions of investment advisor and property appraiser.
EN
The history of the Division of Public Economic Law dates back to 1973, when it was established within the structure of the Institute of Administrative Sciences, under the name of the Divition of National Economy Administration. Despite the transformation of the economic system, the main areas of scientific research and teaching assignments remain to be: state influence on economic processes, the principle of freedom of economic activity and its limits, public property management. The heads of the Division — Prof. Adam Chełmoński and Prof. Leon Kieres — not only belong to the most outstanding figures among Polish administrative law scholars, but have also stood out in public service activities. Over the years the staff of the Division has attained remarkable achievements in both scientific and didactic work. Scientific achievements include, among others, a significant contribution to the preparation of a fundamental work Public Economic Law, published in the series “System of Administrative Law”. The didactic work is carried out by the staff and doctoral students of the Division in all courses of study conducted by the Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics. The Division is among the most frequently chosen units for preparation of bachelor, master and doctoral theses by the students of the Faculty.
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