Scheler refers man, on the one side, to the animal kingdom, and on the other, to God. 'Homo naturalis' includes the vital sphere and the psychic one. However, the essence of man inheres in his spirit which is the source of the volitionary and emotional acts. The spiritual centre of acts, the person, is no substance but only an arrangement of acts. The physiological and the psychical vital processes are only two sides of a single process of life. The dualistic view of man does not mean the soul and the body but the spirit and the life. In the early stage Scheler conceived God as a person, later on he mentioned only an absolute being without naming it a person. This being is supposed to be vested in an infinite spirit-reason and an irrational impetus. The 'ens a se' develops from a preoriginal principle due to a stronger and stronger permeation of the spirit and the impetus. And the place of this selfrealization of God is man. There are also presented the commentaries of some scholars and the critical comments of the authoress.
According to Husserl an idea (species) may be grasped by changing a visual experience of an individual object into a vision of the essence: ideation. On the basis of many individual perceptions we may become conscious of what is general. Later on Husserl acknowledged all ideal objects to be constituted by pure conscious experiences, thus to become intentional products of a transcendental subjectivity. Ingarden ascribes to an ideal being the following existential moments: autonomy, originality, non-actuality, distinctness, independence. An idea has two sides: a/ a content, comprising constants and variables and b/ the structure of idea as idea. It is the variables which determine the generality of ideas. Both constants and variables appear as components without differentiation.Ideas are beyond time and cannnot change. They are transcendent in relation to cognition and do not admit any interference. Then a relation between ideas and real objects is concerned. Husserl had detected the generality of ideas but it was Ingarden who stated what does it consist in, and namely in the presence of variables in the content of ideas.
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