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Limnological investigations of lakes in the Tatra Mountains in the years 1804-1918

100%
Slusarczyk J. M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2007
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vol. 52
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issue 2
155-177
EN
The first limnological investigation of lakes in the Polish Tatra Mountains began in the 19th century, with the pioneering work of Stanislaw Staszic. Staszic made measurements of the lakes and addressed the question of their origin, arriving at partly correct observations concerning the shape and the depth of the lakes, and fully correct conclusions on the differences in the water levels in the lakes; he also devoted some attention to the fish fauna of the lakes. L. Zejszner investigated the lakes in the years 1838-1839, comparing them with regard to their situation and elevation above see level, and making measurements of the depth of the 'Morskie Oko' lake, as well as supplying information on fish fauna. L. Bierkowski made a short study of the lakes, devoting most attention to the hydrographic network of the streams and other watercourses linking the 'Piec Stawów' group of lakes, and flowing out of them. He also made interesting sketches of the lakes and of the location of the lakes. E. Dziewulski was the author of precise studies in the limnology of the Tatra Mountains, presenting the plans of the shores of the lakes, a very accurately calculated barometric elevation and measurements of the temperature in the lakes, as well as describing the configuration of the bottom and backshore. L. Birkenmajer was interested in the temperature of the waters on the surface and in the depth of the lakes, and he also investigated the freezing and thawing of the lakes, being the first to describe the thickness of ice layers, measuring the precipitation and carrying out many measurements of the altitude. However, in spite of the high standards of the research, most of the data concerned only the 'Morskie Oko' lake, with information on the remaining lakes being incomplete and inadequate as a basis for making generalizations concerning the remaining lakes. L. Sawicki was concerned with bathymetry, as well as with measurements of the temperature of the Tatran lakes. A. Litynski conducted hydrobiological research of the lakes and took an interest in the thermal conditions in the lakes, which allowed him to point out a number of factors influencing the long duration of the ice cover on the lakes. In his research on the thermal conditions of the lakes, Litynski conducted comparative studies of a number of the lakes, measuring their maximum, average and minimum temperatures. All of this pioneering research provided a foundation for the broad scope of research carried in the interwar period (1918-1939).
2

WINCENTY POL AND LUDWIK ZEJSZNER'S EXPLORATIONS IN THE BESKID SLASKI MOUNTAINS

100%
Slusarczyk J. M.
Studia Historyczne
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2007
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vol. 50
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issue 2(198)
143-160
EN
It took a few decades until Stanisław Staszic's pioneering explorations of the Carpathians from Gorgany to Beskid Slaski Mountains at the beginning of the 19th century found their continuation in the work of Wincenty Pol and Ludwik Zejszner. Although their professional qualifications and interests differed considerably they were able to make a great contribution to the study of Poland's mountainous rim in the south, including the Beskid Slaski Mountains. They cleared up the uncertainties about the sources of the Vistula and gathered impressive collections of materials illustrating the geological, geographical and ethnographic profile of the region, as well as a more modest array of botanical specimens. Thanks to their efforts the little known Beskid Slaski Mountains received a thorough and comprehensive description in accordance with the scientific standards of the age. Generally, the two researchers took an idealistic view of their labours. They expected that it would help expand the knowledge and self-awareness of society, even if they did not quite agree about the best way of achieving that aim. Although their work as well as their lives reflected marked differences of character and attitude, both men were fully committed to the ideas of research and service. Another trait which they shared was an enormous industriousness. And they would never step back in the face of difficulties which cropped up in their path. Finally, both saw in the montagnard population a living embodiment of indigenous folk culture. While their field work opened the history of scientific research of the Beskid Slaski Mountains, their contribution had a great significance for the country at large at a time when Poland did not exist as an independent state.
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