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Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2021
|
vol. 112
|
issue 2
153-169
PL
„Parabola” w odniesieniu do literatury XX wieku jest terminem wieloznacznym. Nazywa się tak utwory, których fabuła generuje lub przenosi z tradycji umowny kod, odsyłając do znaczeń ogólniejszych, jak i te, w których „znaczeniem ukrytym »pseudohistorycznego« utworu jest jego aktualne odniesienie” (Anna Nasiłowska). W literaturze polskiej po roku 1956 odwołującej się do epoki oświecenia, paraboliczność w pierwszym rozumieniu jest charakterystyczna dla utworów sięgających do tradycji oświecenia zachodniego. W przypadku niektórych dzieł można mówić o obu znaczeniach. Polemizując z oświeceniowym myśleniem utopijnym jednocześnie nawiązują do jego wschodnioeuropejskich realizacji, zawierają więc również element aktualizacji. Kiedy natomiast fabularną osnowę utworu stanowi wyłącznie polska historia lub literatura, dominują skojarzenia ze współczesnością. Zarówno jednak w utworach, które odnoszą się do historii Polski, jak tych, które przedstawiają raczej mentalny aspekt epoki oświecenia, przeważają barwy ciemne. Autorzy szukający w tamtych czasach punktów odniesienia dla współczesnych problemów, zamiast Wieku Świateł przedstawiali raczej obraz Wieku Mroków – mroków ludzkiej duszy i równie mrocznych wytworów ludzkiego umysłu w wymiarze społecznym i politycznym.
EN
The term “parable” in reference to the 20th century literature is ambiguous. It is used to name the pieces the plot of which generates or transfers a conventional code from tradition, referring to more general meanings, as well as to those in which “the hidden meaning of a ‘pseudohistorical’ piece is its real reference” (Anna Nasiłowska). In the Polish literature after the year 1956 referring to Enlightenment, the parabolic in the first meaning is characteristic of works that recall the tradition of the Western Enlightenment. In some pieces it is allowed to speak of two meanings. Entering into polemics with the utopian thinking of the Enlightenment, they simultaneously turn to its East-European realisations, thus also contain an element of update. However, if the piece’s structure plot is made exclusively of Polish history or literature, then associations with the present dominate. Yet, in works that invoke Polish history as well as in those that offer a rather mental aspect of the Age of Reason, dark colours prevail. Authors who in those times looked for points of reference for present problems, instead of the Age of Enlightenment presented rather a picture of the Age of Darkness—the gloom of human soul and equally gloomy figments of human mind in the social and political dimension.
EN
The Enlightenment inspired the Polish post-war authors to create thriller fables in different ways: first of all, there were attempts to literary work out authentic histories, then some authors “revealed” alleged inside stories of real events, finally some stories presented completely fictional episodes set in the realities of Polish, sometimes also European, Age of Enlightenment. The vision of the epoque, based on historical sources and studies, is most often rather stereotypical and illustrative in character, but nothing else should be expected in the popular literature. If there are any attempts to revise the view of that times, they refer only to the traditions of popular literature as well (like in the novel “Choć nas potępiają umysły zacięte...” written by Jerzy Siewierski, which clearly refers polemically to Aleksander Dumas’s “Diaries of a Doctor”). Except historical studies, diaries and other sources, also the literature of the Enlightenment is used in different ways. There are quotes or crypto-quotes in the plot, characters often read books that were popular in that times, we can also recognize features of some characters as typical for satire, comedy or novel of the Enlightenment Ages. Sometimes the narrative-fictional patterns of the eighteenthcentury novel are used as literary allusion. However, the most interesting works are the ones in which authors managed not only to compare a sensational, spy or criminal episode to the realities of the epoque, but also make elements of “the Spirit of the Enlightenment” an integral part of that plot. It is especially visible in the novels of Siewierski’s or Jerzy Piechowski’s.
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