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Edukacja
|
2016
|
vol. 3(138)
75–97
PL
Wprowadzone w 1999 r. gimnazja miały służyć wyrównywaniu szans edukacyjnych dzieci z terenów wiejskich. Jednym z założeń reformy było stworzenie dużych, samodzielnych i dobrze wyposażonych gimnazjów, w których wspólnie uczyliby się absolwenci wszystkich szkół podstawowych z terenu gminy. Po kilkunastu latach funkcjonowania gimnazja pod względem organizacyjnym bardzo się zróżnicowały – w niektórych gminach, zgodnie z założeniami reformatorów, ciągle funkcjonują duże i samodzielne gimnazja, jednak w części gmin bardzo małe gimnazja działają w zespole ze szkołą podstawową, gdzie uczniowie przez dziewięć lat nie zmieniają kolegów, nauczycieli i środowiska. Na podstawie ośmiu studiów przypadku gmin wiejskich pokazano w artykule proces kształtowania sieci gimnazjów w pierwszych latach reformy systemu szkolnego. Próbowano zrozumieć, jakie czynniki zadecydowały o wytworzeniu się tych dwóch modeli gimnazjum. Przedstawione studia przypadku pokazują, że sieć szkolna jest nie tyle wynikiem realizacji planów tworzenia sieci szkolnej przez władze lokalne, ile raczej wynikiem gry pomiędzy lokalnymi władzami a lokalnymi społecznościami.
EN
The introduction of lower secondary schools (gimnazjum) in 1999 was intended to equalise the educational opportunities of children living in rural areas. The concept of the reform was to establish large, independent and well-equipped lower secondary schools to be attended by all the children in a township. After 17 years of operating, lower secondary schools are organisationally very diversified – in some townships, lower secondary schools are large and independent, following the concept of the reformers, but in other townships, they are very small, operating in the same building as the primary school. Children attending the small lower secondary schools remain with the same schoolmates, teachers and social environment for nine years. By using eight case studies of rural townships, the process of setting up lower secondary schools was described, to gain an understanding of the factors determining the evolution of these two organisational models. The case studies show that the school network is not so much the result of local authorities’ pre-established plans, but rather the result of a game between local authorities and local communities.
EN
In 1999, as a result of reforms of the education system, a new type of lower secondary school, called gymnasium, was introduced in Poland. The main objectives of introducing the gymnasium were to equalize the educational opportunities of rural youth, improve the level of education and extend general education by one year. The reformers envisioned gymnasiums as an autonomous school, located in new, well-equipped buildings, or as schools functioning alongside existing secondary schools. After 16 years of operation, four structural models of gymnasiums evolved: autonomous gymnasium, aggregate gymnasium in a complex with a primary school, gymnasium in a complex with a primary school having the same catchment area, and gymnasium with upper secondary school. The article investigates the differences in the organisational characteristics for each model of gymnasium, educational outcomes from different types of school, and their geographic distribution. Results show that even though gymnasiums in a complex with an upper secondary school attain on average the best results on the gymnasium completion exam, the highest scores in teaching effectiveness are achieved by gymnasiums in complexes with a primary school having the same catchment area.
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