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1
Content available remote

Shifts of visuospatial attention to invisible (metacontrast-masked) singletons: Clues from reaction times and event-related potential

100%
Ansorge U., Heumann M.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2006
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vol. 2
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issue 1
61-76
EN
In the current study, we tested whether a masked and, thus, invisible singleton-cue captures attention in a stimulus-driven manner or in a top-down contingent manner. The manual RT (Reaction Time) capture effect with the invisible singleton-cue decreased substantially when a match between the singleton-cue and the top-down controlled set of searched-for target features was also decreased. By contrast, with the PCN (Posterior Contralateral Negativity), an electrophysiological measure of the capture of visuospatial attention by the invisible singleton-cue, no significant decrement was observed. Taken together, the results support the assumption that an invisible singleton-cue can capture attention in a stimulus-driven manner, and that different delays in the deallocation of attention (i.e., attention is deallocated more efficiently from a cue that does not match the top-down controlled set than from a cue that does match the same set) account for the weaker manual RT capture effect with a set-nonmatching invisible singleton-cue.
2
Content available remote

Trends and styles in visual masking

81%
Scharlau I., Ansorge U., Breitmeyer B.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2006
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vol. 2
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issue 1
1-5
3
Content available remote

Top-down contingent feature-specific orienting with and without awareness of the visual input

81%
Ansorge U., Horstmann G., Scharlau I.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2011
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vol. 7
108-119
EN
In the present article, the role of endogenous feature-specific orienting for conscious and unconscious vision is reviewed. We start with an overview of orienting. We proceed with a review of masking research, and the definition of the criteria of experimental protocols that demonstrate endogenous and exogenous orienting, respectively. Against this background of criteria, we assess studies of unconscious orienting and come to the conclusion that so far studies of unconscious orienting demonstrated endogenous feature-specific orienting. The review closes with a discussion of the role of unconscious orienting in action control.
4
Content available remote

Visual masking and the dynamics of human perception, cognition, and consciousness:A century of progress, a contemporary synthesis, and future directions

81%
Ansorge U., Francis G., Herzog M., Öğmen H.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2007
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vol. 3
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issue 1-2
1-8
EN
The 1990s, the "decade of the brain," witnessed major advances in the study of visual perception, cognition, and consciousness. Impressive techniques in neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, neuropsychology, electrophysiology, psychophysics and brain-imaging were developed to address how the nervous system transforms and represents visual inputs. Many of these advances have dealt with the steady-state properties of processing. To complement this "steady-state approach," more recent research emphasized the importance of dynamic aspects of visual processing. Visual masking has been a paradigm of choice for more than a century when it comes to the study of dynamic vision. A recent workshop (http://lpsy.epfl.ch/VMworkshop/), held in Delmenhorst, Germany, brought together an international group of researchers to present state-of-the-art research on dynamic visual processing with a focus on visual masking. This special issue presents peer-reviewed contributions by the workshop participants and provides a contemporary synthesis of how visual masking can inform the dynamics of human perception, cognition, and consciousness.
5
Content available remote

Electrophysiological activation by masked primes: Independence of prime-related and target-related activities

81%
Klotz W., Heumann M., Ansorge U., Neumann O.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2007
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vol. 3
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issue 4
449-465
EN
Visual stimuli that are made invisible by metacontrast masking (primes) have a marked influence on behavioral and psychophysiological measures such as reaction time (RT) and the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). 4 experiments are reported that shed light on the effects that masked primes have on the LRP. Participants had a go-nogo task in which the prime was associated with 1 of 2 responses even if the target required participants to refrain from responding. To analyze the electrophysiological responses, we computed the LRP and applied an averaging method separating the activation due to the prime and the target. The results demonstrated that (a) masked primes activate responses even in a nogo situation, (b) this prime-related activation is independent of masking, (c) and is also independent of whether prime and target require the same responses (congruent condition) or different responses (incongruent condition).
6
Content available remote

Sensorimotor supremacy: Investigating conscious and unconscious vision by masked priming

71%
Ansorge U., Neumann O., Becker S., Kälberer H., Cruse H.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2007
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vol. 3
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issue 1-2
257-274
EN
According to the sensorimotor supremacy hypothesis, conscious perception draws on motor action. In the present report, we will sketch two lines of potential development in the field of masking research based on the sensorimotor supremacy hypothesis. In the first part of the report, evidence is reviewed that masked, invisible stimuli can affect motor responses, attention shifts, and semantic processes. After the review of the corresponding evidence - so-called masked priming effects - an approach based on the sensorimotor supremacy hypothesis is detailed as to how the question of a unitary mechanism of unconscious vision can be pursued by masked priming studies. In the second part of the report, different models and theories of backward masking and masked priming are reviewed. Types of models based on the sensorimotor hypothesis are discussed that can take into account ways in which sensorimotor processes (reflected in masked priming effects) can affect conscious vision under backward masking conditions.
7
Content available remote

Neuro-cognitive mechanisms of conscious and unconscious visual perception: From a plethora of phenomena to general principles

61%
Kiefer M., Ansorge U., Haynes J.-D., Hamker F., Mattler U., Verleger R., Niedeggen M.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2011
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vol. 7
55-67
EN
Psychological and neuroscience approaches have promoted much progress in elucidating the cognitive and neural mechanisms that underlie phenomenal visual awareness during the last decades. In this article, we provide an overview of the latest research investigating important phenomena in conscious and unconscious vision. We identify general principles to characterize conscious and unconscious visual perception, which may serve as important building blocks for a unified model to explain the plethora of findings. We argue that in particular the integration of principles from both conscious and unconscious vision is advantageous and provides critical constraints for developing adequate theoretical models. Based on the principles identified in our review, we outline essential components of a unified model of conscious and unconscious visual perception. We propose thatawarenessrefers to consolidated visual representations, which are accessible to the entire brain and therefore globally available. However,visual awarenessnot only depends on consolidation within the visual system, but is additionally the result of a post-sensory gating process, which is mediated by higher-level cognitive control mechanisms. We further propose that amplification of visual representations by attentional sensitization is not exclusive to the domain of conscious perception, but also applies to visual stimuli, which remain unconscious. Conscious and unconscious processing modes are highly interdependent with influences in both directions. We therefore argue that exactly this interdependence renders a unified model of conscious and unconscious visual perception valuable. Computational modeling jointly with focused experimental research could lead to a better understanding of the plethora of empirical phenomena in consciousness research.
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