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EN
The article discusses a Joseph Ratzinger’s stance (maintained by Pope Benedict XVI) on sources and essence of law in comparison to the current dominant positivist perspective on legislation. Publications and statements of the theologian show that thesis about religious roots of law making should be acknowledged as justified and standing on historical grounds. This point of view allows one to perceive an individual that is rational and has free will as the source of moral natural law, by which positive law should bound. Developed by the Christian thought, this hierarchy of laws ensures, effectively and permanently, the state has the right to sanction inviolable dignity and subjective rights everyone is entitled to. However, the promoted concept substantiated by universal religious axiology stays in contrast to the currently propagated formalistic, utilitarian, and relativistic view of the law making system. In the Pope’s conviction, current preference of idea of law not connected to religion and ethics supports the ambivalence of human rights (and of their interpretation) rather than considering them as a common and absolutely binding ground in the European tradition.
PL
Artykuł omawia stanowisko kardynała Josepha Ratzingera (kontynuowane przez papieża Benedykta XVI) w kwestii źródeł i istoty prawa na tle obecnie obowiązującego, dominującego pozytywistycznego ujmowania porządku prawodawczego. Z publikacji i wypowiedzi tego teologa wynika, że za uprawnioną i historycznie umotywowaną należy uznać tezę o religijnych korzeniach stanowionego prawa. Takie ujęcie pozwala bowiem dostrzec w rozumnej i obdarzonej wolną wolą jednostce źródło moralnego prawa naturalnego, które powinno stanowić moc wiążącą dla prawa pozytywnego. Wspomniana zależna hierarchia praw, wypracowana przez chrześcijańską myśl, dostarcza skutecznej i trwałej gwarancji do sankcjonowania przez państwo nienaruszalnej godności i praw podmiotowych przysługujących każdemu człowiekowi. Propagowana koncepcja umotywowana uniwersalną aksjologią religijną pozostaje jednak w kontraście do aktualnie promowanego formalistycznego, utylitarnego i relatywnego postrzegania systemu stanowienia prawa. W przekonaniu papieża obecnie wyrażana preferencja idei prawa oderwanego od religii i etyki raczej służy ambiwalencji praw człowieka (i ich interpretacji) niż traktowaniu ich jako wspólnej oraz bezwzględnie obowiązującej płaszczyzny europejskiej tradycji.
XX
The article consists of two parts. In the first one, the authors pointed out an argument in the social sciences concerning ability to reasonably use the „culture” concept in scientific discourse. In the second one, they analyzed opinions Benedict XVI ( Joseph Ratzinger) expressed about present condition of the Western culture. Views of this figure were selected to study due to recognizing significant influential role the Pope plays in the public sphere. In the opinion of Benedict XVI, today there are two cultures of the West that coexist: rational Christian culture and Enlightenment (neo‑Enlightenment) culture. There is a deep contradiction between them due to acknowledgment or rejection of God as Logos, hence as the source of human intellect and rules shaping interpersonal behaviour. The fundamental danger connected with domination of Enlightenment attitude Benedict XVI sees in relativism and glorification of total freedom which in the Pope’s opinion ultimately leads to treating man solely as an object. In Ratzinger’s opinion, Christian and Enlightenment cultures are in conflict, with the latter playing the role of aggressor from the beginning. However, Benedict XVI hopes that the argument can be appeased by agreement on a set of basic values which, irrespective of attitude towards Logos, could be acknowledged as fundamental for existence of modern civilization. The ground for the agreement should be the acknowledgement of the inviolability of human dignity.
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