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EN
The text is devoted to the invention of the microscope and its image in the literature of the nineteenth century. An outline of the history of this optical tool provides a background for presenting the nineteenth-century microscope as a sign of a certain cognitive attitude, or characteristics of a protagonist, and finally – of the way of seeing the world in selected texts by Bolesław Prus ("Słówko o krytyce pozytywnej", "Kroniki", "The Fungi of this World", "The Doll", "The New Women"), supplemented with examples derived from the “utility literature” and memoirs (Orgelbrand’s "Encyklopedia powszechna"), household guides or memories of one of the first female students in Krakow – Jadwiga Klemensiewiczowa from Sikorski’s family).
EN
The article presents contradictory opinions about Jadwiga Łuszczewska (Deotyma) and her artistic works expressed by her contemporaries and future generations. These opinions are contrasted with the image of the poet that emerges from her "Pamiętniki 1834-1897" ["Memoir 1834-1897"]. Selected critical comments are set in the cultural context of the time (for example the phenomenon of poetical improvisation and a literary salon) and also set against certain biographical information. An attempt has been made to indicate possible reasons for enormous fascination, intense dislike or treatment with condescension that Deotyma herself and her controversial life choices arouse.
EN
The article is devoted to a morally sensitive topic, created by situations which did not lead to a marriage, but ended up with a discrediting separation. It analyses socially accepted, although often false reasons for splitting up, treated as shameful and without approbation, frequently hidden under suggested excuses provided by savoir–vivre books. It also compares, in this case, the position of women and men, reflecting on the attempt to protect the reputation of a young lady with a fixed social convention. Particularly interesting seem to be the texts that refer to authentic biographical material, which were read by the contemporary readers as the violating moral taboos “novel with a key”. Novels of manners are the basis for reflection, such as created by Bolesław Prus ("The Doll", "The New Woman"), Maria Rodziewiczówna ("Między ustami a brzegiem pucharu", 'Kądziel"), Henryk Sienkiewicz ("Without Dogma", "Children of the Soil"), Sewer ("Bajecznie kolorowa"), and Kazimierz Przerwa–Tetmajer ("Anioł śmierci"), but also a message of memoirs of the age (Anna Skarbek–Sokołowska, Magdalena Samozwaniec, Tadeusz Boy–Żeleński, and others).
EN
The article is a part of current "anniversary" discussion dedicated to the January Uprising and its consequences, however, it is attempted to discover its less typical image, often contrary to the established, not to say stereotypical vision of the national uprising and martyrdom. In the narratives often created for the members of its own family, written in private literature (of personal document), the relation of the events associated with the rebellion often appear surprising due to their sense of humour, and colourful anecdote, showing the reactions and experiences of the insurgents (like in the memoirs of Kazimierz Zienkiewicz), and self-irony, the ability to perceive the grotesque and the pragmatism of the Siberians (as in the memoirs of Jadwiga Prendowska, Władysław Zapałowski's diary, Leon Krupecki's letters). The aim of the text is primarily to show various ways of "disarming" the tragic experience by emphasizing their exoticism and comedy, or focusing on tiny problems of everyday life, which probably – as for individuals and families – constituted psychologically effective strategy of defence.
RU
Статься посвящена одному из самых популярных романов Аркадия и Бориса Стругацких, "Понедельник начинается в субботу" (1965 г.). В ней рассматривается контекст создания произведения и анализируются различия между двумя польскими переводами романа – 1970­1989 гг. (Ирэны Пиотровской) и 2009 г. (Эвы Скурской). Анализ ключевых замен и опущений позволяет утверждать, что в большинстве случаев они были вызваны цензурой, функционировавшей как в СССР, так и в ПНР (хотя и по­разному), а сравнение с текстом оригинала («каноническое» издание собрания сочинений 2000­2001 гг.) показывает, что польские переводчицы пользовались разными версиями оригинала.
EN
The article is dedicated to one of the most popular novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, "Monday Begins on Saturday" (1965). It discusses the circumstances of the novel’s origins, as well as portraying the differences between two Polish translations – one from 1970/1989 (Irena Piotrowska) and another from 2009 (Ewa Skórska). Analysing the most significant changes and omissions allows one to conclude that those were, by their nature, imposed by the censorship which was at work in the Soviet Union as well as in the People’s Republic of Poland (albeit on slightly different terms). A comparison with the Russian text (the ‘canonical’ edition from the collected works 2000-2001) illustrates that the Polish translators used different editions of the original.
EN
The paper is a dispute with the theses propagated in 1930s about backwardness and primitivism of Polish press advertising. The analysis of a series of texts published in the Warsaw’s weekly “Kobieta Współczesna” [Modern Woman] between October 1931 and November 1932 indicates astonishing similarity to the methods used in the USA by Edward L. Bernays, the father of 'public relations', in 1928-1929. The texts camouflaged as feature articles about fashion, good manners and decency or quasi stories and health warnings are aiming to create in female readers positive associations between smoking cigarettes (and the names of particular brands) and elegance, modernity, liberation, sensuality and life in comfort. This crypto advertising strategy, modelled on the American method, is an example of deliberate actions which contributed to breaking the long-lasting social taboo on smoking in public by woman in the Interwar Years. In order to gain access to new markets for particular products these actions have changed culture.
EN
The text is an analysis of the polish novel of the second half of the nineteenth century in the context of being in force in the Kingdom of Poland selected regulations and codes of behavior. Legal solutions, especially in the field of family law and succession law, based primarily on the "Code Napoleon", as well as established norms, reflected in the recommendations of 'savoir-vivre' guides had a significant influence on the situation of women and the relationships between family members. These realities are often not noticed by the today’s reader and may have a significant impact on the interpretation of the behaviour of the characters in selected novels by Kraszewski ("Szalona"), Rodziewiczówna ("Czahary"), Prus ("The Doll", "The New Woman"), Sienkiewicz ("Children of the Soil") and Zapolska ("Fin–de–siecle’istka").
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