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  1. 2 Studia Historyczne

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  1. 2 Herma M.

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  1. 1 2007

  2. 1 2005

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1

ADMIRAL IVAN GRIGOROVICH (1853-1930) - RUSSIA'S LAST IMPERIAL NAVAL MINISTER

100%
Herma M.
Studia Historyczne
|
2005
|
vol. 48
|
issue 3-4
327-346
EN
Ivan Grigorovich, born in 1853, graduated from the Naval Corps in 1874 and served in the Baltic Navy between 1878 and 1896. Appointed naval attaché in London, he spent there the following two years before being sent to France to monitor the construction of warships ordered by the Russian Navy. During the Russo-Japanese war in 1904-1905 he was captain of the dreadnought Cesarevich and then commander of the besieged Port Arthur. After the war he held important posts in the command of the Black Sea and Baltic Navy. He was Chief of Staff, then Commander of the Black Sea Navy and Harbours, Commander of the Libava Harbour, Deputy Commander of the Navy and Harbours and Commander of the Naval Defence of the Baltic Sea and Military Governor of Kronstadt. In 1909 he was appointed Deputy Minister, and two years later Minister of the Imperial Navy. The appointments were matched by promotions to the rank of vice-admiral and admiral respectively. In his ministerial post Grigorovich soon gained the reputation of a superb administrator. He used his popularity in the Parliamentary circles to secure huge extra funds to expand the navy. Although the completion of his ambitious plans was interrupted in 1914, he made sure that most of the newly-built ships reinforced the Baltic and the Black Sea Navy during the war. He was dismissed from office in the wake of the February Revolution. From his retirement he asked for permission to get medical treatment abroad, and left for France in the autumn of 1924. He died there in 1930.
2

RUSSIA'S SUPREME COMMAND IN 1914-1917 (STRUCTURE AND TOP PERSONAL APPOINTMENTS)

100%
Herma M.
Studia Historyczne
|
2007
|
vol. 50
|
issue 2(198)
177-191
EN
The article deals with the structure and top personal nominations in the Supreme Command of Russian Armed Forces during World War I. In that period the General Headquarters (Stavka) which comprised the Commander-in-Chief, his Staff, the guards and some special units, was in charge of all the operations on land and sea. Stavka was located first (August 1914-August 1915) in special trains at Baranovichi and later (August 1915-March 1918) moved to Mogilev. Its war history can be divided into four phases. Phase One (August 1914-September 1915) when the Supreme Command was still in the hands of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, grandson of Tsar Nikolai I, saw a modest expansion of the structures of the General Staff. Phase Two (September 1915-March 1917) opened with Tsar Nikolai II taking personal command himself. It was period of major reshuffles and innovations, chief among them the creation of a separate Field Staff of the Imperial Navy. In Phase Three, inaugurated by the February Revolution and the abdication of the Tsar (March-November 1917), Stavka found itself under the control of the Provisional Government. A peculiar feature of that period was fast rotation in the post Commander-in-Chief. Phase Four, which followed the seizure of power by the Bolshevik Party in November 1917, was marked by the occupation of the General Headquarters by troops loyal to the new regime (December 1917) and the formal disbanding of Stavka in March 1918.
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