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КОНСУЛЬСТВО ПОЛЬЩІ В ОДЕСІ 1918 – 1920 рр. ТА ЙОГО АРХІВ

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Ciesielski T.
Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки
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2017
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issue 26
EN
General Consulate of the Republic of Poland established in Odessa in 2003 is the third Polish diplomatic mission in the Black Sea region of present – day Ukraine. The second Polish consulate, representing the reviving Polish statehood, functioned at the Black Sea between January 1919 and the beginning of February 1920, with almost a 5-month-long break, during the first Bolshevik occupation of Odessa. Zenon Belina Brzozowki was the consul in office during the period of January,4, 1919 to March,3, 1919 and then again since the end of August, (between April and August he stayed in Istanbul), in October and November, 1919 he was replaced by Stanisław Srokowski, a diplomat in the rank of I class consul, i.e. the present general consul. The consulate changed its location few times, and in different months the number of its employees varied from a few people to over a dozen. The consulat functioned in Odessa until March,3, 1920 when it was evacuated along with a large group of Polish citizens because of the inevitability of the Bolshevik takeover of the city. Consulate staff and archives reached Warsaw in March 1920. Not many archival materials regarding the functioning of Polish consulat in the Black Sea region were saved.
2
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Materiały sejmikowe w spuściźnie po Ludwiku Gruno księciu Hessen-Homburg w Archiwum Muzeum Artylerii, Wojsk Inżynieryjnych i Łączności W St. Petersburgu

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Ciesielski T.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2018
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vol. 25
57-71
3
Content available remote

Roads, travelling and communication in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. Russian and West European visitors’ perspective

100%
Ciesielski T.
In Gremium. Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką
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2020
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vol. 14
119-140
EN
The article presents the technical condition of roads, waterways, bridges, levees and other engineering structures in Poland based on accounts of visitors from Russia and other foreign countries. It discusses land and water means of transport were discussed along with the quality of service offered by Polish and Lithuanian inns which were valued very poorly by all foreigners. In the 18 th century, travelling and communication in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a truly fascinating issue. Both Russian and West European visitors saw the country as full of paradoxes, andencountered many obstacles during their journeys. The dramatically bad condition of roads, terrible inns, and poverty of the peasants contrasted with the ostentatious lavishness of travelling Polish and Lithuanian aristocrats. However, the roads were surprisingly safe and the postal service was extraordinarily efficient and swift even during wartime, going beyond contemporary standards by means of ensuring confidentiality of sent documents. In the 18 th century, thanks to the expansion of the system of postal station, travelling around Poland and Lithuania became not only more comfortable, but also much faster. It was possible to make 60-100 km per day. However, transport of goods or marching the army was very troublesome, as then the average pace was approx. 10, max. 15 km per day.
PL
W artykule przedstawiony został stan techniczny dróg lądowych i rzecznych, mostów, grobli oraz pozostałej infrastruktury komunikacyjnej w Polsce na podstawie relacji podróżników z zagranicy, w tym Rosjan. Stan oraz jakość lądowych i rzecznych środków transportu był oceniany przez cudzoziemców bardzo nisko, podobnie jak jakość usług oferowanych w przydrożnych karczmach w Polsce i na Litwie. W rezultacie podróżowanie w XVIII w. po Rzeczypospolitej mogło stanowić interesujące doświadczenie. Tak goście z Rosji, jak i z krajów zachodniej Europy natrafiali na wiele przeszkód w trakcie podróży, postrzegając przy tym kraj jako pełen paradoksów. Fatalny stan dróg, przerażające swoim standardem karczmy czy ubóstwo chłopstwa zestawiali z ostentacyjnym przepychem, z jakim podróżowali polscy i litewscy magnaci. Dostrzegali jednak też, że stan bezpieczeństwa na drogach był dobry, a poczta działała sprawnie nawet w okresach działań zbrojnych toczących się w Rzeczypospolitej, zapewniając wysokie standardy, jeżeli chodzi o szybkość dostarczania, jak i zabezpieczanie przesyłek. Na podstawie relacji cudzoziemców można stwierdzić, że dzięki rozwojowi sieci stacji pocztowych podróżowanie po Polsce i Litwie w XVIII w. stawało się stopniowo coraz wygodniejsze i szybsze. Wykorzystując infrastrukturę pocztową można było pokonywać nawet 60-100 km dziennie, ale przewóz towarów czy przemarsz wojsk sprawiał znacznie większe problemy, co powodowało, że dziennie można było pokonać 10, maksimum 15 km.
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HOSTILITIES IN THE VICINITY OF CRACOW DURING THE WAR OF THE POLISH SUCCESSION 1733-1735 (Dzialania zbrojne w rejonie Krakowa w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej 1733-1735)

100%
Ciesielski T.
Studia Historyczne
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2009
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vol. 52
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issue 3-4
203-222
EN
At the time of King Augustus II's death (1 February 1733) Cracow's defences were virtually nonexistent. The interregnum brought hardly any improvement, even though a relatively strong contingent of the Polish army was dispatched to the city. But as the country had to cope with a disputed succession, repeated royal elections and Russian military intervention, the troops moved on. In effect, in October 1733 Cracow became a demilitarized city. In November Kurfürst Friedrich August II of Saxony marched into Poland, and by the end of the year his troops entered Cracow. The seizure of the ancient capital enabled him to seal his election with a coronation ceremony, which made him Augustus III of Poland. In March 1734 virtually all of the Saxon troops in Malopolska received marching orders; they were to take part in the offensive against Gdansk. The depleted Cracow garrison was promptly attacked by Polish insurgents, who also managed to defeat a detachment of the Dietmar corps sent to relieve the beleaguered city. In spite of the losses they suffered at Golcza, the Saxons pushed their way through into the city, but eventually, plagued by diseases and food shortages, decided to withdraw. Like the rest of Malopolska Cracow fell into hands of the supporters of the French pretender Stanislaw Leszczynski. They, too, thought little of boosting Cracow's defenses. Meanwhile, the Russians made their appearance in the vicinity in Cracow in early 1735. Alarmed by the Russian advance, regiments loyal to Leszczynski returned hastily from Wielkopolska. Yet the Polish counteroffensive proved ill-fated: the Russians encircled the Poles and forced them to surrender. It was the loss of Malopolska that dashed any hopes of Stanislaw Leszczynski's comeback. The hostilities of the War of the Polish Succession did not cause any noteworthy damage in Cracow and its vicinity. The population of the Voivodeship of Cracow, on the other hand, did not away lightly from the conflict: the people had to bear the burden of taxes and levies imposed in turn by both parties.
5
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Bitwa pod Kowalewem (5 X 1716) – geneza, przebieg, konsekwencje

100%
Ciesielski T.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2019
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vol. 84
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issue 3
31-56
EN
The article, which refers to the research on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s military history in the 18th century and the crisis of Old Polish war art, presents the genesis, course and effects of the battle of Kowalewo of 5 October 1716. Epistolographic material, press and chronicle accounts along with plans of two battles constitute the source base. These primary sources were given a critical analysis, the acquired information being collated and verified in order to obtain a reasonably precise picture of the causes, course and consequences of the battle. The armed forces participating in the battle consisted of the military forces of the Tarnogród Confederation and the royal corps formed from Saxon and Polish regiments and banners, which made the battle fratricidal. About 9–10 thousand soldiers with 6 cannons fought on the side of the Confederation, whilst the royal army had 6,000–6,500 royal soldiers with 4–7 cannons. The confederates had numerical superiority, which was compensated by the advantage in artillery, firearms and better training of royal soldiers. It turned out that these factors were decisive, because the Confederate forces suffered a devastating defeat. After the battle, the group of Chrysostom Gniazdowski actually ceased to exist, and the second military unit commanded by Stefan Potocki withdrew to Mazovia. At least 1,500 or even over 2,000 confederates were killed or wounded in the battle. Another 610 were captured. The royal army also won six cannons and many military characters. The royal forces paid for their success with minor losses – probably only 132 killed and wounded soldiers. Although this battle should not have taken place due to the current ceasefire, its military and political effects were significant. As a result of the battle, the royal army regained full control over Kuyavia and Pomerania, securing the facilities of the troops protecting Warsaw. With the beginning of the Russian armed intervention, this led to the weakening of the confederates’ position in the ongoing peace negotiations, and, as a consequence, to the conclusion of a compromise agreement on 3 November 1716, which did not meet many of the demands of the Warsaw treaty.
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