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EN
This article describes characteristics of the Jewish community, which in terms of number, was the largest in Lower Silesia created after the Second World War. Functioning Jewish schools, work and workshop co-operatives, community and cultural organisations, political parties and religious organisations (congregation of the Moses denomination — currently the name of the community) were dependent on domestic state politics and also on the international situation. Within the life of the Jewish community in Lower Silesia, it is possible to distinguish specific periods: 1945–1950, 1950–1957, 1957–1968, 1968–1989, 1989–2006 and 2006–2010. The study is an attempt to describe the community-religious dynamics of the Jews in Lower Silesia — from its prime, through times of emigration and extinction — to the first ten years of the twenty-first century which again has become a period of returning to the cultivation of Jewish identity in a spiritual and organisational sense. An important role in the organisational life of Lower Silesian Jews was played by legal regulations issued by the Polish state. Their description will also be included in the article.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia, jak wraz z transformacją ustrojową Polski w 1989 r. zmieniał się stosunek władz państwowych do mniejszości wyznaniowych i narodowych. Omówione zostały zarówno nowe rozwiązania prawne jak i instytucjonalne, gwarantujące mniejszościom wolność wyznania oraz ochronę swej szeroko rozumianej tożsamości kulturowej. Szczególny akcent położony został na omówienie nowej polityki państwa wobec mniejszości - państwa, które całkowicie zarzuciło próby asymilacji mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych, a przejęło rolę realizatora postulatów mniejszości i gwaranta praw mniejszościowych. Analiza biuletynów będących zapisem posiedzeń Sejmowej Komisji Mniejszości Narodowych i Etnicznych oraz protokołów Komisji Wspólnej Rządu i Mniejszości Narodowych i Etnicznych, pozwoliła autorce artykułu na dokonanie kilku konkluzji: w analizowanym okresie polskie władze państwowe podtrzymywały i rozwijały tożsamość kulturową mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych, zagwarantowały używanie języka regionalnego, wspierały finansowo kościoły, związki wyznaniowe, stowarzyszenia kulturalne mniejszości, zapewniały równouprawnienie wobec polskiej większości, uznały mniejszości narodowe i etniczne za pełnoprawny podmiot, wpisany na trwałe w strukturę państwa. Nowa polityka państwa wobec mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych dała impuls członkom tych społeczności do szerokiego prezentowania własnych odrębności kulturowych, odrębnej tożsamości, religii, czy obyczajów. Mniejszości narodowe uznane prawnie i wspierane przez państwo stały się elementem bogactwa kulturowego kraju.
EN
The article attempts to follow through a variable approach of Polish state authorities to religious and national minorities during the political transformation in Poland in 1989. New legal and institutional instruments are discussed that were intended to guarantee the minorities freedom of religion and protection of a broadly understood cultural identity. Much space is devoted to the state’s new policy toward minorities, i.e. the strategy of abandonment of assimilation endeavours in national and ethnic groups in favour of realizing their proposals and guaranteeing minority rights. The examination of bulletins recording the sittings of the Parliamentary Commission for National and Ethnic Minorities and the minutes of the Joint Commission of Government and National and Ethnic Minorities allowed the author to arrive at a number of conclusions: in the period in question, Polish authorities sustained and fostered the cultural identity of national and ethnic minorities; they consented to the use of regional languages, they provided financial support to churches, religious associations and minority cultural groups; they ensured equal rights with the Polish majority; they recognized national and ethnic minorities as a rightful subject permanently ingrained in the state’s structure. The new state’s policy toward national and ethnic minorities stimulated the members of these groups to fully display their cultural independence, identity, religion and customs. Legitimate and supported minorities became a component of the cultural wealth of the country.
EN
The new borders and new ideology imposed on Poland in the aftermath of World War II significantly affected the ethnic structure of the state and the approach of its communist authorities towards minority groups. The pre-war Poland was a multi-national state where Poles represented about 69.2% of the population, the remaining 30.8% were the members of minorities – with the biggest communities of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans and Jews. According to the first, official, post-war census – the minority groups represented after 1945 already only 2% of the citizens of new Poland.
EN
THE ARTICLE PRESENTS the establishment and functioning of the office of commissioner for Equal Status of Men and Women (2001–2005). The author shows selectively the data that allow to claim that despite of the fact that there is legal equality of rights, women in Poland are discriminated in the labour market, in management and in politics. Activities of the commissioner (in the rank of secretary and later undersecretary of state) and 16 authorized women in the field should have visualized the society the existing discrimination of women in Poland and they should have fought with the stereotypes of thinking and acting of offices, employers, politics and media. The liquidation of the commissioner’s office in 2005 was the violation of the United Europe directive, that requires from the EU countries to have such an office in their structure.
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