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ALEKSANDR LVOVICH BLOK (1852-1909) - CHARACTER-SKETCH OF THE MAN AND SCIENTIST (Aleksandr Lwowicz Blok (1852-1909) - portret niespelnionego czlowieka i uczonego)

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Schiller J.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2009
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vol. 54
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issue 1
11-33
EN
The article is an attempt of a new outlook first of all upon scientific output of many years' (from 1878 to 1909) lecturer on Russian State Law in the Imperial University of Warsaw - Aleksandr Lvovich Blok. The historians of literature, researchers of life and output of the scientist's son, an eminent poet-symbolist Aleksandr A. Blok, to a high degree were able to reconstruct lot of life and vicissitudes of the Warsaw professor. Thanks to the preserved university archival materials it was possible to add many details to Blok's biography, especially concerning his professional problems. They were connected with dramatic events in his personal life. According to relations of the part of his university co-workers and students, the circumstances even brought about the symptoms of the mental illness. Prematurely elderly he was a man deeply miserable, lonely and deprived of understanding by associates. Up till now his scientific output has not been described precisely enough. Not numerous memories of his contemporaries (Szymon Askenazy, Nikolai Dubrowskii) and even inconspicuous modern Polish researches brought about, in the authoress' opinion, too simplified and schematic character-sketch of Blok as a Russificator and nationalist, mediocre scholar and much worse lecturer. A scientific output of Blok is, indeed, inostensible - he published 2 books only - Master's thesis entitled: 'Wladza panstwowa w spoleczenstwie europejskim. Poglad na polityczna teorie Lorenza Steina i na francuska rzeczywistosc polityczna' (State Authority in European Society. Outlook upon Political Theory of Lorenz Stein and French Political Facts (1880)) and 'Literatura polityczna w Rosji i o Rosji' (Political Literature in Russia and on Russia (1884)) as an introduction to his course in State Law. Two thirds, so over 20 years of work, he gave to the not accomplished conception of creating a new classification of sciences that together with its assumptions was included in work of Blok's disciple - Evgenii Spektorskii. An attempt of objective, free of emotions look at Blok's output to some extent makes us verify one-sidedly its critical estimate. In Blok's writings one can observe several earlier unnoticed values - author's wide mind horizons, his erudition, interesting but not accomplished research conceptions, competence for analysing difficult issues fringing upon social, political and philosophical thought.
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ORIGINS OF THE ACADEMIC EDUCATION IN RUSSIA - ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY OF PETERSBURG (Poczatki ksztalcenia uniwersyteckiego w Rosji - petersburski Uniwersytet Akademicki

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Schiller J.
Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty
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2009
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vol. 46
147-170
EN
The history of Academic University of Petersburg, which was founded with an 'ukase' of January 28, 1724 of Peter I, together with evaluation of its activity are said to bei one of the most controversial issues in Russian academic historiography. The reason of these controversies are the doubts formulated by some of the researchers, whether the academy, which was established at Academy of Sciences of Petersburg, can be called university, and whether this particular institution was crucial for establishing academic structures in Russia. An additional matter of argument was a pronouncement of two historians of Petersburg in 1983 - Jurii D. Margolis and Grigorii Tishkin. They represented a revolutionary as for contemporary historiography thesis that Academic University sets the pattem for the University of Petersburg, which was founded in 1819. Unlike the majority of historians of education, they claimed that the Academic University did not stop its activity after death of its rector Mikhail W. Lomonosow in 1765, but continued its works till the beginning of the 19th century, already in a changed organizational system. Analysing the issue from a perspective of history of education, the pronouncement of both historians resulted in new excellent and numerous writings that were dedicated to the forgotten and to some extent unattended history of Academic University - the publications being a result of thorough studies, exploring new sources and reinterpretation of known facts. The article is an attempt at taking up polemic with theses that were commonly transmitted, and a good excuse for wider discussion over such issues as, for example, questions of the factors that determined the development of academic education in Russia, the reasons and difficulties in the process of adapting new scientific institutions, and, at last, the sociai range of their influence, and both the current and perspective results of establishing them both for the State and the society as well.
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