The paper focuses on the written variant of German as used by the Germans of the Volga Region in their press in the second and third decade of the 20th century. The study of its unique character shaped by communist ideology and one-party propaganda has been combined with a qualitative change in the study of Russian Germans and with the data coming from the Russian archives opened as a result of glasnost and perestroika in the ‘80s and the ‘90s of the last century.
PL
Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses steht die geschriebene Varietät der deutschen Sprache, die in der wolgadeutschen Presse des 20er- und 30er-Jahre des 20. Jh., d. h. in der Zeit, in der sie unter starkem Einfluss kommunistischer Ideologie und Parteipropaganda stand, belegt ist. Qualitative Aussagen über die Russlanddeutschen werden mit Paradigmenwechsel in der modernen Wissenschaft assoziiert und mit der Politik der Perestroika und Glasnost bezeugt, die es erst möglich machte, russische Archive in den 80er- und 90er-Jahren des 20. Jh. zu öffnen.
The objective of the article is to demonstrate the influence of Russian and the communist ideology on the development of the Volga German dialect in the twenties and thirties of the twentieth century. The chosen press articles, which constitute a crucial element of the press discourse, were preliminarily analysed. This allowed for illustrating development tendencies of Russian German, including the on-going process of sovietisation.
PL
Sowietyzacja języka Niemców Powołża w latach 20. i 30. XX wieku Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wpływu języka rosyjskiego i ideologii komunistycznej na kształtowanie się wariantu języka niemieckiego Niemców Powołża w latach 20. i 30. XX wieku. Wstępnej analizie poddano wybrane teksty prasowe, stanowiące istotny element dyskursu prasowego. Pozwoliło to na ukazanie tendencji rozwojowych niemczyzny radzieckiej, w tym postępujący proces jej sowietyzacji.
The subject of the analysis comprises traces of individual and collective action of Volga Germans which can be found in the press discourse dating back to 1920s and 1930s. The purpose of the discourse analysis is to capture and extract the said practices from the text structure and to interpret them in terms of social and cultural relations in the Soviet Union. The central theme of the analysis includes state-sanctioned collective anti-religious actions linked with individual actions.
PL
Przestrzeń indywidualnych i kolektywnych działań oraz ich powiązanie w dyskursie prasowym Niemców Powołża lat 20. i 30. XX wieku Przedmiotem analizy są ślady indywidualnych i kolektywnych działań Niemców Powołża, które można odnaleźć w dyskursie prasowym lat 20. i 30. XX wieku. Celem analizy dyskursywnej jest ich uchwycenie i wydobycie ze struktury tekstów oraz interpretacja na tle panujących stosunków społeczno-politycznych i kulturalnych w Związku Radzieckim. Tematem rozważań są sankcjonowane przez państwo antyreligijne działania kolektywne, powiązane z działaniami o charakterze indywidualnym.
„Literature curriculum for German secondary school” in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century in the Volga German Republic constitutes a significant pretence of analysing complexity of education of that time, the role of school, and the impact of communist ideology on formation of social and educational discourse. The curriculum covers a list of appropriately selected texts and a set of category descriptions adopted from the Marxist philosophy. Besides imparting knowledge in the field of history and literature, the purpose of the curriculum is to shape socially acceptable attitudes and Bolshevik ideology.
DE
„Lehrprogramm fur den Literaturunterricht in den deutschen Mittelschulen“ dient dazu, einige Uberlegungen zu Bildung und Funktionen der Schule in den 20er und 30er Jahren des 20. Jh. in der Wolgadeutschen Republik sowie zum Einfluss der kommunistischen Ideologie auf die Profilierung des gesellschaftserzieherischen Diskurses anzustellen. Das Lehrprogramm umfasst eine Liste von zweckmasig ausgewahlten Lekturetexten und etliche Beschreibungskategorien, die marxistisch-leninistisch gepragt sind. Sein Ziel war es, literaturgeschichtliches Wissen zu vermitteln und auf dessen Grundlage zur Herausbildung eines geforderten Menschentyps mit bolschewistischer Weltanschauung beizutragen.
About the need to take up research concerning the Russian version of former Soviet Union’s national minorities’ languagesResearch on the so-called Polish Russian language of the interwar period, i.e. specific type of contemporary Polish used within the territory of the Russian empire in post-war twenties, has been successfully developing for 10 years. There were numerous articles published on this topic and recently the first two-volume monography came out.According to the authors of this article, it is worth using the experience of persons researching the Polish Russian language and taking up studies on Russian types of many other languages that were used in the Soviet Union during the early post-revolutionary period. It is in particular about languages of those national minorities that had their own countries outside the Soviet Union (for instance the Germans, French, Greek, Latvians and Finns). Thanks to the so-called Lenin’s national politics, introduced at the beginning of the twenties in relation to all nationalities residing in the Soviet Union, there was mass production of various documents, propagandist materials, books, school books with the mother tongue as the lecture language, didactic materials for institutions fighting illiteracy of adults etc. published in their mother tongue. Nowadays this entire publishing production is a great source reflecting the state of national languages of those days – languages that were impregnated with various Russian and Soviet idioms, abounding in strange new-coined words. Some of the above changes are presented by the authors on the example of the German Russian language of the post‑revolutionary period. O необходимости исследования советских вариантов языков национальных меньшинств в бывшем Советском СоюзеУже лет 10 успешно развиваются исследования т. н. советского польского языка межвоенного периода, т. е. особого варианта современного польского языка, употреблявшегося на территории советской империи в послереволюционный период. По этой теме опубликованы несколько десятков научных статей, в 2009 г. появилась первая (двухтомная) монография.Согласно мнению авторов настоящей статьи, необходимо использовать накопившийся уже опыт исследователей советского польского языка и начать изучение советских вариантов многих других языков, употреблявшихся в СССР в ранний послереволюционный период. Это касается прежде всего тех национальных меньшинств, у которых были собственные государства вне СССР (напр. немцы, французы, греки, латыши, финны). Благодаря т. н. ленинской национальной политике, реализованной советскими властями в начале 20-х гг. ХХ в., для всех народностей, проживавших в Советском Союзе, массово издавались на их национальных языках различные документы, всяческие пропагандистские материалы, книги, учебники для школ, в которых велось обучение на родных языках, методические материалы, предназначавшиеся для пунктов ликвидации безграмотности взрослого населения, и т.п. В наши дни вся тогдашняя издательская продукция – это бесценный источник, отразивший состояние национальных языков в раннее послереволюционное время, напр. их насыщенность диковинными новообразованиями. Часть языковых изменений этого рода авторы статьи показывают на примере советского немецкого языка послереволюционного периода.
Reflection of early Soviet dialects of national languages in Russian bilingual dictionaries published in MoscowAfter the October Revolution, over half of the citizens of the new Russian state were non-Russians. The historical homeland of some of them was outside the Soviet Union. The experiences of two largest national minorities: the Germans (1 238 000) and the Poles (782 000) were similar in many respects. Members of both nations were persecuted, suffered massive repression, and were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan. The new cultural and political reality (separation from the historical homeland and national languages, influence of Russian and other languages of Soviet Union nations, necessity to use new Soviet lexis and technical/scientific terminology on a daily basis) forced changes in German and Polish used in the Soviet Union. Soviet dialects of national languages were reinforced in books, handbooks, the press, and propaganda materials etc. published in German and Polish in huge number of copies. The Soviet dialects of German and Polish were reflected on the right side of Russian-German and Russian-Polish dictionaries published in the 1930s by “Sovetskaya Entsyklopedia”. The analysis and comparison of the language material excerpted from the dictionaries show that Soviet dialects of both languages were characterized by the presence of orientalisms (result of the constant contact with the nations and nationalities of the Soviet Union and their culture) and unique lexis related to the Russian way of life (Russian culinary lexis, names of musical instruments, names of garments) and Sovietisms (i.e. new political terminology and words related to the Soviet way of life). The Germans found it more difficult to adapt their native code to life in the Soviet Union.
The dictionary mentioned in the title was compiled in the interwar period (1918- -1939) and was then quite well known. Today, very few people remember about it. In the opinion of the authors of the article, it is worthwhile to remind about this book, especially to the scholars studying foreign influences upon the Polish language, including- which may seem surprising-the linguists investigating the influence of the German language upon the Polish language. In his guide, J. Szwed used not only the linguistic material collected in the Vilnius province, he had strong personal ties with, but also originating from Little Poland and Cieszyn Silesia. As it has been shown in the analysis, there were more than 180 lexical Germanisms in the small dictionary from Vilnius, i.e., definitely more than in the other publications of this type issued in the first half of the 20th century. This material is dominated by loan words, quite well known in the Polish language (130 items), recorded in 1-2 definition dictionaries, e.g., cug “train”, fojt “voivode”. However, we also find the Germanisms that are evidenced only in the small dictionary by J. Szwed, for instance bruch “hernia”. In the publication of the Vilnius teacher we can also find phonetic Germanisms (e.g., voiced s after sonorous consonants in foreign words, comp.: intenzywny, konzul), inflectional (e.g., changes of grammatical gender) and syntactical (e.g., mam pieniądze na banku [I have got money on the bank], instead of: w banku [in the bank]).
The authors of the article discuss linguistic material excerpted from a small-scale book written by Józef Bliziński and entitled Barbaryzmy i dziwolągi językowe [Barbarisms and linguistic oddities] published in Cracow towards the end of the nineteenth century. The source material for the analysis and the main focus of the authors are the borrowings from the German language. The book, written by an eminent comedy writer, deals with the correctness and the accepted standards of the Polish language in the then Austrian-partitioned Poland. As one might expect, since the target readers for this linguistic handbook were the inhabitants of Galicia in Eastern Europe, it would include mostly Germanisms. The analysis of the book, however, has proved that German loan words in Blizinski’s book are rather scarce. Nearly a half from the fifteen words considered as Germanisms by Blizinski could have French origins (although they might have been borrowed to the Polish language through the German medium). On the other hand, the book includes six words that may be Germanisms but that were not assigned by the author to the group of German borrowings.
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