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1

RURAL COMMUNITY'S OWN RESOURCES AND EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS. EXAMPLE OF DEPENDENCE: SOCIAL CAPITAL - LEADER+ PROGRAM (Zasoby wlasne wsi a zewnetrzne programy rozwoju. Na przykladzie zaleznosci kapital spoleczny - PP LEADER+)

100%
Halamska M.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2009
|
issue 3(144)
9-28
EN
After 2004 substantial financial means started flowing into the Polish countryside owing to public programs addressed to the rural community. At first, agriculture and farmers were the main recipients of this stream of money. However, since 2007 an ever larger part of the funds has been going to the development of rural areas, which is to be accomplished in accordance with a new model – different than modernization. Besides financial means, an extremely important role is accorded in this model to human, cultural and social resources. Since in the light of various analyses there is a shortage of the latter resources in the rural areas the authoress wonders whether in this situation the substantial economic means which are destined for the rural community and which create opportunities for far-reaching changes, have a chance to be used in an optimal way and enhance the role of the rural community's social capital or whether it is more probable that a part of these means will not be utilized. The empirical basis of the authoress' considerations are the relations between social capital and the Second scheme of the Leader + Program, and the area under her observation is the 'rural' part of the Lódzkie voivodeship.
2

FIVE YEARS IN EU: OLD AND NEW TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES IN POLAND'S RURAL AREAS (Piec lat w UE: stare i nowe procesy zmian na polskiej wsi)

100%
Halamska M.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2009
|
issue 2(143)
55-72
EN
The article marks an attempt at the assessment of changes that have taken place in the rural areas of Poland over five years of its membership of the European Union. The changes attributable to Poland's presence in the European Union can be included in the series of changes that occurred in the country's rural areas in the late 1970s and the early 1980s as well as those brought about by systemic transformation launched in 1989. A look at the Polish countryside from such perspective permits to see it as a dynamic space and to divide the occurring changes into three categories: the category of changes remaining within the scope of the earlier started processes, the category of changes correcting this processes, and the category of changes inaugurating new process. The article consists of two parts. In the first part the authoress describes the influence of EU membership on the long-term transformation processes started in the past: a slow-down in the pace of deruralisation of the countryside and dualisation of agriculture, a faster pace of disagrarisation and re-stratification of the rural community. In the article's second part the authoress deals with the spheres where new phenomena surface - chiefly, the sphere of social awareness (optimism, ambivalent Europeanisation) and the sphere of regulations that create the basis for a new civic character of the rural community.
3

RUSTICITY AS A SOCIOLOGICAL CATEGORY (Wiejskosc jako kategoria socjologiczna)

100%
Halamska M.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2011
|
issue 1(150)
37-54
EN
This study is a contribution to the ongoing scientific discussion on the post-industrial society's notion of 'rural community' and 'rusticity'. It starts with a description of the paradigm/opposition 'town - village' that was popular up to the 1970s, quoting arguments presented in sociological discussions to prove its inadequacy. It points to the fact that the notion 'rural', which is being commonly used at present, can be analysed at different levels, and it describes various methods of constructing the notion 'rural community' and the notion 'rusticity'. The study focuses on the constructivist method of defining these notions, which is an approach typical for sociology. In the study's empirical section more than 40 reports on surveys conducted by the public opinion polling centre CBOS are analysed from the point of view of the contexts in which the notion 'rural community' or the notion 'rusticity' appears and from the point of view of its minimal usefulness in comparisons with four types of towns categorized according to their size. In its conclusions the study draws attention to the stereotyped descriptions of the rural community, to the necessity to show it in a context, and to the subjectivity and political aspects of the formulation of the rural community's definitions in Poland.
4
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Transformacja wsi 1989–2009: Zmienny rytm modernizacji

100%
Halamska M.
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
|
2011
|
issue 2(44)
5-25
EN
The author of this essay argues that, in a longer time perspective, four major processes have been taking place in the countryside and changing its character in Polish as well as in other countries in Western and Central Europe: de-ruralization, de-agrarianization, development of a new model of agriculture (peasantization/ de-peasantization) and re-stratification. These processes are affecting 1) the place of the countryside in society, 2) the place of agriculture in society and in national economy, 3) the structure of the countryside as a social subsystem. These changes have been taking place throughout the last two decades, albeit with different speed in different time periods. Three of them, de-ruralization, de-agrarianization and re-stratification, are continuations of processes which took place before 1989. Their dynamics does not differ from that in Western and Central-Eastern Europe. The fourth, more original process can also be detected in the development of a new agrarian model: the adjustment of the post-communist structure of agricultural production to the market economy.
PL
W szkicu autorka wykazuje, że w długiej perspektywie czasowej na polskiej wsi, podobnie jak w Europie Zachodniej oraz Środkowej, zachodzą cztery wielkie procesy zmieniające jej oblicze: deruralizacja, dezagraryzacja, kształtowanie się nowego modelu rolnictwa (pezantyzacja/depezantyzacja) oraz restratyfikacja. Kształtują one nowe miejsce wsi w społeczeństwie, nowe miejsce rolnictwa w społeczeństwie i gospodarce oraz nową strukturę wsi jako subsystemu społecznego. Zmiany były obserwowane w całym analizowanym dwudziestoleciu, choć w krótszych odcinkach czasu przebiegały w różnym tempie. Trzy z nich – deruralizacja, dezagraryzacja i restratyfikacja są kontynuacją procesów, które zachodziły już przed 1989 r. Występują one powszechnie zarówno w Europie Zachodniej, jak i Środkowo-Wschodniej. Pewną oryginalność można natomiast odnotować w tworzeniu się nowego modelu agrarnego, dostosowania postkomunistycznych struktur produkcyjnych rolnictwa do gospodarki rynkowej.
5
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Czy rolnicy hamują rozwój Polski?

100%
Halamska M.
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
|
2006
|
issue 3(25)
5-25
PL
Szeroko definiowani rolnicy wraz z emerytami rolnymi stanowią liczną, choć trudną do precyzyjnego określenia, zbiorowość. Jest ona bardzo zróżnicowana, lecz liczebnie dominują w niej quasi-chłopi, drobni, najczęściej nieprowadzący towarowej produkcji, rolnicy. Zbiorowość ta ma wiele negatywnych charakterystyk ekonomicznych, społecznych i psychologicznych. Specyficzne są także jej polityczne zachowania, jej członkowie zwracają się ku partiom agrarno-populistycznym. Autorka, odwołując się do sformułowanych wcześniej koncepcji „blokowania rozwoju” i „moderowania zmian”, analizuje polityczne mechanizmy spowalniania przemian, uruchamiane przez szeroko rozumianą zbiorowość rolników.
EN
Polish farmers are hardly definable social group. It is a diversified population dominated (in numbers) by “quasi-farmers” – running small farms for own consumption, not selling their products at the market. This category has many negative, economic, social and psychological features. Their political choices are often to support the populist, agricultural parties. The author, referring to the concepts of “blocking development” and “moderating the changes”, describes the political mechanisms of slowing down the reforms applied by the (broadly considered) Polish farmers.
6
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Rolnicy – Wspólna Polityka Rolna – rozwój

100%
Halamska M.
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
|
2007
|
issue 2(28)
5-12
PL
Artykuł porusza problem obserwowanego oraz możliwego wpływu Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej na modernizację polskiego rolnictwa oraz zmianę kondycji i postaw społeczno-politycznych rolników. Od czasu akcesji stosunek rolników do UE wyraźnie ewoluował: z grupy najbardziej eurosceptycznej stali się niemal euroentuzjastami. Realnie odnotowanymi skutkami przystąpienia do Unii jest poprawa sytuacji rolnictwa i gospodarstw rolnych, stabilizacja dochodów rolników, co w efekcie łagodzi napięcia społeczne. Zmienia się też samo rolnictwo, od początku lat 90. następuje polaryzacja struktury obszarowej, koncentracja produkcji w gospodarstwach najmniejszych, dualizacja rolnictwa. Istnieje obawa, że nie wszystkie możliwości stwarzane przez WPR zostaną wykorzystane, gdyż rolnicy chętnie robią użytek z tradycyjnych działań WPR, natomiast z rezerwą podchodzą do działań nowych, składających się na tzw. politykę wiejską.
EN
The paper is devoted to the observed and anticipated impact of CAP on the modernisation of Polish agricultural sector and the attitudes of Polish farmers towards EU. Since Poland’s accession the approach of this group to the European community evolutes from the extreme scepticism to enthusiasm. CAP improved the financial situation of farms, stabilised farmers income and contributed to the fall of social tension in rural areas. Some structural changes are also noticeable: polarisation of area structure, specialisation of output in small farms, dualisation. There is a threat that Polish farmers will not be able to exploit all opportunities of the CAP, since they eagerly benefit from the traditional services and remain unconfident towards the innovative instruments, creating so called “rural policy”.
7
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„Nowa” wiejska klasa średnia: specyfika i zróżnicowanie

63%
Halamska M., Zwęglińska-Gałecka D.
Studia Socjologiczne
|
2023
|
issue 2(249)
31-59
PL
W latach 1990–2015 z trzech obserwowanych w wiejskiej Polsce procesów – depezantyzacji, proletaryzacji i gentryfikacji – ten ostatni, tworzący wiejską klasę średnią, miał największą dynamikę. Między 1990 i 2015 rokiem udział wiejskiej klasy średniej w strukturze społecznej wsi wzrósł z 13% do 28%, co było skutkiem procesów endogennych i egzogennych wobec wsi. W niniejszej analizie „nowa” wiejska klasa średnia została zdefiniowana przez wykonywane zawody, należące do czterech pierwszych wielkich grup Klasyfikacji Zawodów i Specjalności (ISCO-08). Tak wyróżniona, jest ona bardzo zróżnicowana, co prowadzi do hipotezy o istnieniu nie jednej, a kilku wiejskich klas średnich. Przedmiotem opracowania jest ukazanie cech różnicujących wiejską klasę średnią i wskazanie – na podstawie współwystępujących cech – jej typów. Analiza oparta jest przede wszystkim na bazie danych badania „Diagnoza społeczna 2015”.
EN
Between 1990 and 2015, out of three processes observed in rural Poland – depeasantization, proletarianization and gentrification – the latter, triggering the emergence of a rural middle class, was the most dynamic. The share of the rural middle class in rural social structure increased from 13% to 28%, as a result of the processes both endogenous and exogenous to the countryside. In this analysis, the ‘new’ rural middle class has been defined by the performing the occupations that belong to the first four major groups in the Classification of Occupations and Specialties (ISCO-08). Thus distinguished, it is highly differentiated, which leads to the hypothesis of the existence not of one but several rural middle classes. The article’s aim is to demonstrate the differentiating characteristics of the rural middle class and to distinguish its types, based on co-occurring characteristics. The primary source of data for the analysis are the results of the „Social Diagnosis 2015” survey.
8

LEADER IN POLAND. WAYS OF THE PROGRAMME'S IMPLEMENTATION (LEADER w Polsce. Drogi implementacji programu)

51%
Halamska M., Michalska S., Spiewak R.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2010
|
issue 4(149)
104-119
EN
The paper has been prepared within the framework of an international research project designed to explore on the example of the programme LEADER the implementation of a new concept of rural development in the new member-states of the European Union. The paper presents an analysis of the implementation – carried out in two stages, of the Pilot Programme LEADER+ and of the Fourth Axis of the Rural Development Policy in the 2007-2013 financing period. The implementation of the Pilot Programme LEADER+ resulted in the establishment of some 250 local action groups which were joined by about 40% of all communes. At this stage a model of operation was shaped, with the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development assuming the function of a managing institution, with FAPA (Foundation for Programmes of Assistance to Agriculture) assuming the function of an executor and the Agency for the Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture assuming the function of a payer. Some changes occurred in the 2007-2013 period when compared with the previous period. The programme LEADER became the fourth axis of the Rural Development Policy and its implementation became obligatory for every EU member-state. In connection with this fact changes were introduced in the statutes and internal structure of Local Action Groups and in Poland the management of the programme became de-concentrated – its implementation was entrusted to voivodeship self-governments although the managing institution and the paying institution remained the same. Self-governments put emphasis on the formation of a network of Local Action Groups that would cover as much of the voivodeships' territory as possible. There occurred a delay in the launching of the programme because the contests for LAGs started only in the third quarter of 2008. Agreements with 328 victorious LAGs were signed in the late spring and early summer of 2009. At present local development strategies implemented by individual LAGs are in various stages of advancement; in some cases the implementation of these strategies is seriously delayed.
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