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EN
Aleksander Mogilnicki (1875–1956) was a lawyer, academic scholar and social activist. Between 1924 and 1929 he was the president of Poland’s Supreme Court, dismissed after his conflict with the government during Sanation period. Mogilnicki’s memoirs, written after the Second World War, were unexpectedly published in 2008 by Mrs. Barbara Izdebska, granddaughter of the author. In spite of numerous editing errors, the memoirs can be a useful historical source. The memoirs contains the interesting information about Łódź in the end of the 19th century and during the Revolution of 1905–1907 in the Kingdom of Poland. The edition also contains a wide description of law-breaking by the government after the 1926 May Coup d’Etat. Mogilnicki’s opinion about Emil Stanisław Rappaport (1877–1965) is a great example of friendship which has turned into a hostilities.
EN
At the turn of the 19th a nd 20th century workers’ living conditions were extremely difficult. The uneasy financial conditions were accompanying overpopulation and bad sanitary conditions of flats. This was a serious social problem. The problem had been widely discussed at the pages of the “Goniec Łódzki”. This daily paper had came out since 1898 till 1906. The paper was often criticizing the housing conditions in Łódź. Usually it shows the examples of cheap houses for workers which had been build at this time in Western Europe, especially in Germany and England. The title was proposing, that such houses ought to be build by philanthropic societies which could assure to their members some limited profits. During the times of the Revolution of 1905 “Goniec” was convincing that the state should also participate in dealing with this problem. Although title’s ideas cannot be realized in poor and undeveloped society, “Goniec” was constantly trying to be a creator of public opinion in the industrial and multicultural Łódź.
EN
After the collapse of the January Uprising in 1863 the Kingdom of Poland experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization. When Warszawa, Łódź, Zagłębie and some smaller places became big industrial areas the ratio of urban population grew from 10% in 1870s to 30% in 1900. The scale of urbanization caused important social and political changes. The Revolution of 1905, considered as the first “urban revolution” in Eastern Europe was a result of those processes and initiated the era of modern politics and political discourse in Poland. One of new phenomena was an interesting discussion about planned urban municipality which was held between 1905 and 1907. The author analyses legal acts, press articles form Warszawa and Łódź and other sources in order to define three logics of urban social order presented by different political options and ideologists. The oldest of them was the bourgeois one, which dependent the law of voting in urban elections and running in urban councils on the level of education and property to guarantee the dominant position of intelligentsia in the municipality. This argumentation presented by Adolf Suligowski, the author of the draft of new law from 1906, was criticized by members of Endecja and socialists who were convinced to their own logics of urban social order. While first of them considered urban population as divided between different nationalities, in socialists logic cities was mainly a battlefield between antagonist social classes and were not interested in cooperation with different groups. All this ideological divisions led to final failure of the Suligowski’s draft and enabled the Tsarist administration to overemphasize ethnic problems in Kingdoms urban areas and established the conflict between Poles and Jews the main principle of the new drafts. This helped Endecja, which turned during the Revolution from democratic movement into a xenophobic national party, to became the most influential party and established nationalistic logic of urban social order the most influential.
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