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  1. 4 Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka

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  1. 4 Lukasik A.

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1

IMAGINATION AND FITNESS: AN EVOLUTIONARY VIEWPOINT

100%
Lukasik A.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2007
|
vol. 16
7-32
EN
The three hypotheses have been verified in the experiments presented in this paper: according to the first one, possessing the creative imagination increases human fitness; according to the second one - one condition to fulfill an adaptation function by imagination is possessing imagery which is adjusted to the situation (e.g. the reproductive imagination - the usual situation; the creative imagination - the unusual situation); according to the third hypothesis - which derived from the sexual selection theory - possessing the creative imagination by males has a very important influence for an estimation of the males' fitness made by females and - on the basis of the compatibility rule - for an estimation of the males' fitness made by males. In the experiment subjects estimated fitness indicators of a woman and a man differentiating in possessing a kind of imagination and kind of situation in which they appeared. The results supported the first hypothesis, but with reference to the 'copying' fitness indicator only. In this case, in opinion of subjects the 'experimental woman' as well as the 'experimental man' who posses the creative imagination will better copy in the presented situations that characters who posses the reproduction imagery. In reference to the second hypothesis (as well as in reference to the 'copying' fitness indicator) it showed that adaptation's benefits which are tied with possessing the creative as well as reproductive imagination admittedly exist but despite the kind of situation in which they are useful. The third hypothesis hasn't been supported. The compatibility rule was supported only in the case of a man fitness estimation, man who had the creative imagination and was in the usual situation. Thus it seems that both genders prefer the specific kind of the creative imagination - the 'creative practical imagination' and preference by women the males' creative imagination in the unusual situation is additional, 'fuzzy' selection criterion and it can be very important in some conditions (for example, excess of males on the 'sexual market').
2

ADAPTATION SCENARIO OF THE IMAGINATION'S EVOLUTION

100%
Lukasik A.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2005
|
vol. 11
91-117
EN
The author presents hypotheses concerning evolutionary factors responsible for the evolvement of imagination and its adaptive functions. Pleistocene was pointed as the environment for evolutionary adaptability in which it was possible for imagination to evolve as a result of certain phenomena which occurred at that time and which were important for the evolution of man. These included: creation and use of first tools, emergence of the hunting-gathering society, migration of hominid from Africa to other continents and development of social relations with a special emphasis on cooperation. It has been concluded that these phenomena could have constituted the selection factors which determined the evolution of imagination.
3

REPRESENTATION OF PHYLOGENETIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE STRUCTURE OF VISUAL IMAGERY

100%
Lukasik A.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2008
|
vol. 17
7-37
EN
The research show existence of innate knowledge (phylogenetic knowledge). Phylogenetic knowledge is specific for definite species and transferred in a genetical manner. This kind of knowledge takes the definite neurons or neuronal circumference funtions and in a specific sensitivity on the concrete physical or social characteristics of the envirovment. Lots of data also show that perception of objects is achieved on the basis of their solid characteristics - invariants (Biederman, 1987; Grill-Spector, Kourtzi, Kanwisher, 2001; Ishai and in., 1999 Vogels, Biederman, Bar and Lorincz, 2001). It can be supposed that the structure underlying this recognition have to be simplified on the basis of the invariants theory. The research on the imagination topic lead to a conclusion that perception and imagery shared common neural machinery at the different levels of processing (Farah, 1988; Kosslyn, Ganis, Thompson, 2003; Kosslyn, Thompson, 2000; O'Craven, Kanwisher, 2000), and that imagination is isomorphe to the physical reality. Therefore a question arises: does the phylogenetic computation mechanism exist that generates a simplified, so called basic strucure of imagery, which is pictorial and relflects the natural object of orientation in the real world. There have been two hypothesis verified in the present paper. According to the first one, the computation mechanism generates the basic structure of imagery in imagination on the basis of the characteristics encoded in a literal manner. This hypothesis was verified in the first experiment. According to the second hypothesis initial orientations of objects in the basic structure of imagery reflect the most natural and most often orientation in the physical world, that is a vertical one. This hypothesis was verified in the second experiment. The results supported both hypotheses and are among others discussed from the neuropsychology perspective.
4

THE REPRODUCTIVE AND CREATIVE IMAGERY: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

100%
Lukasik A.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2007
|
vol. 15
47-73
EN
The hypotesis has been formulated that the decison about generation of a creative imagery is made if a representation which is characterized by a low level of analogy with object from natural world is usefulness in the context of the task. However, the decision about generation of a reproductive imagery is made if a representation which is characterized by high level of similarity to the object form natural world is usefulness in the context of the task. Because there are different adaptation targets of reproductive and creative imagery, it was also assumed that surprising stimulus will affect the computation mechanism to produce the imagery with higher originality level and lower similarity level of imaginated objects to virtual objects than forseeable stimulus. On the other hand it can be assumed that forseeable stimulus are able to stimulate the computation mechanism to produce the imagery with lower originality level but higher similarity level than the surprising stimulus. Because the general intelligence as well as imagination are specific 'survival tools' and they increase subject's fitness, it is assumed to appear a postive correlation between the general (fluency) intelligence and adequacy of decisions made by the computation mechanism: in the conditions inducing generation of reproductive imagery it anticipated a positive correlation between the fluency intelligence and similarity of imaginated objects to ones existing in the virtual world but a negative correlation between the fluency intelligence and originality of the imagery; exactly the inverse relation was expected in the experimental conditions inducing generation of creative imagery. The first hypothesis was partially confirmed. The experiment didn't confirm relations of the fluency intelligence and the computation mechanism adequatness. The results of experiment were discussed from neuropsychological perspective and a necessity to use other kinds of measurement of the fluence intelligence than Raven's test in the future research was stressed.
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