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EN
In his article, the author discusses the system for the implementation and auditing of spending of European funds within the realisation of the Cohesion Policy in the 2014–2020 programming period, which stems from the regulations of the act on the rules for the realisation of Cohesion Policy programmes financed in the 2014−2020 financial perspective. The article takes into account the context of the EU regulations concerning the implementation of the Cohesion Policy in the following programming period. The new provisions are also discussed in relation to the differences with the present regulations on the system for the implementation and auditing of spending in the 2007−2013 financial perspective. In the first part of the article, the author focuses primarily on the analysis of the institutional system for the implementation of the EU funds, by presenting the responsibilities of individual institutions in the process of operational programmes realisation, and also by describing the designation procedure that is required for payment applications submitted to the European Commission.
EN
The article presents the principles of the audit process for projects realised within the cohesion policy of the European Union, which lies with managing authorities. They are obliged to implement the programmes effectively, efficiently and properly, and in accordance with the principle of sound financial management. Managing authorities are also obliged to audit every project in which financial support of the European Union funds is involved. The author of the article presents the legal basis for auditing, its definition, objectives and institutions that are authorised to audit those projects. He also discusses types of audits and good practices on the basis of the COCOF guidelines for auditing of projects. Moreover, the author presents proposals for changes in the management and audit system for the funds to be realised in the 2014–2020 financial perspective, as well as an assessment of the proposed provisions from the perspective of their impact on the audit process.
PL
Autor w niniejszym tekście skupia się na bliższym przedstawieniu wartości jakie reprezentuje ze sobą medium jakim są gry komputerowe. Analizując niektóre produkcje video stara się pokazać polityczny aspekt gier, a także przybliżyć istotę elementarnej cechy tego medium, jakim jest możliwość interakcji. Dodatkowo autor pokazuje wpływ rynku gier na rozwój obecnej sytuacji militarnej-jako środek odpowiadający za ewolucję technologii zbrojeniowej czy też sposób na wykreowanie żołnierza. Ważnym elementem pracy jest również wstęp do historii gier-streszczenie ich ewolucji i przyjrzenie się obecnemu fenomenowi społęczno-kulturalnemu jaki wywołały.
EN
The author of this text focuses on presenting closer the values how representing the media of computer games. Analyzing some productions video they tries to show the political aspect of the games, and zoom in the essence aspects of the elemental features of this medium, which is the possibility of interaction. Additionaly, the author shows the impact of the games on the development of the current military situation – as a responsible for the evolution of weapons technology or a way to create a soldier. The important element of the work is also an introduction to the history of the games-summary of their evolution and look at the current socio-cultural phenomenon which they caused.
EN
Since combating fraud is a very broad area, this article focuses on solutions related to expenditure of European Union funds within the framework of the cohesion policy, and it has been divided into two main parts. The first part emphasises negative results of corruption in its broad sense, as well as presents EU legal regulations that provide the basis on which Member States perform their duties related to combating fraud. The article also elucidates the basic terms in the area of fight against fraud, i.e. the notion of “the Union’s financial interests”, as well as the difference between “irregu larity” and “fraud”. Moreover, the paper aims to present the evolution of the system to protect the Union’s financial interests, and anti-fraud initiatives of the EU insti tutions, especially the European Commission that sets directions in the area in the form of strategic documents. The Author also appraises the activities by the European Commission and Member States that has been developed by the European Court of Auditors (ECA), as well as an evaluation of the solutions set forth in the Regulation on a general regime of conditionality for the protection of the Union budget, which has been in force since the beginning of 2021.
PL
W nowej perspektywie finansowej na lata 2021–2027 Polska pozostanie największym beneficjentem środków z budżetu Unii Europejskiej w ramach polityki spójności. Otrzyma ponad 75 miliardów euro (w cenach bieżących), czyli co piąte euro trafi do naszego kraju1 . Oprócz tego uzyskamy wsparcie, m.in. w ramach Instrumentu na rzecz Odbudowy i Zwiększania Odporności (23,9 mld euro dotacji i ponad 34,2 mld euro pożyczek), które będą mogły zostać wydane do końca 2026 roku2 . Mają one pomóc w naprawie bezpośrednich szkód gospodarczych i społecznych spowodowanych pandemią koronawirusa. Taka skala przyznanej alokacji stanowi wielką szansę rozwoju gospodarki i może przynosić wymierne korzyści społeczne. Istotne jest jednak, aby po pierwsze, środki te zostały odpowiednio ujęte w programach, co pozwoli realizować konkretne cele rozwojowe, a po drugie, były wydatkowane efektywnie, zgodnie z prawem, a przede wszystkim wolne od jakichkolwiek nadużyć. Ułatwiają to obowiązujące już i planowane rozwiązania prawne oraz przewidziane w ich ramach mechanizmy kontrolne, zapewniające ochronę interesów finansowych Unii Europejskiej, do czego są zobligowane państwa członkowskie.
EN
European funds, due to their significant volume, enable harmonious development, implementation of important reforms and reduction of economic disparities between Member States. In the new finan cial perspective 2021–2027, Poland will remain the largest beneficiary of the cohesion policy as it will receive over EUR 75 billion (at current prices), which means that every fifth euro will reach Poland1 . Besides cohesion policy funds, Poland will also receive support under, among others, the Recovery and Resilience Facility (EUR 23.9 billion in grants and EUR 34.2 billion in loans), to be spent by the end of 20262 . The Facility is aimed at mitigating direct economic and social damage resul ting from the coronavirus pandemic. Such a large amount of the allo cation creates tremendous opportunities and can leverage the economy and bring social benefits. It is, however, indispensable to program these funds in an appropriate manner, firstly – so that the set development goals can be met, and secondly – so that they will be spent in an effi cient manner, in full compliance with the law, and – most importantly – free from fraud. Every fraud related to implementation of EU pro jects affects negatively implementation of set goals, and may also da mage reputation of the cohesion policy as such, which in consequence can result in reducing European support in the area in the future.
EN
In the next years, Member States will be spending funds from the EU’s largest package ever. It comprises money from the multi-annual financial perspective (2021–2027) and the reconstruction plan – designed to mitigate the crisis and provide the basis for developing modern and sustainable Europe. It will be a great challenge to eliminate fraud in the funds spending. However, it seems feasible to reduce fraud because over the last years EU institutions have made fraud combating their priority. The second part of the article related to the protection of EU financial interests focuses on mea sures and good practices examples that may significantly contribute to counteracting corruption, understood in a broad sense. It describes tools that are applied mainly by the institutions responsible for EU funds implementation aimed at identifying fraud, including a mechanism for anonymous reporting on irregularities (in the context of the Whistleblower Directive). The author discusses potential instruments developed in response to the most frequent irregularities areas, i.e. breaches in public procurement, conflicts of interests, or collusive tendering. An innovative instrument, designated for social control of public funds spending – the so called integrity pact – has been dis cussed in more detail. The author also presents IT tools to increase public spending transparency and to identify suspicious transactions.
PL
Druga część artykułu na temat ochrony interesów finansowych UE przed nadużyciami prezentuje działania, których wdrożenie w ramach systemu kontroli zarządczej może wspomagać przeciwdziałanie szeroko rozumianej korupcji. Wskazuje też przykłady praktyk niektórych urzędów. Odnoszą się one do obszarów największego ryzyka i dotyczą zarówno zapobiegania, jak i wykrywania nadużyć finansowych. Artykuł opisuje narzędzia stosowane głównie przez instytucje odpowiedzialne za wdrażanie środków unijnych, w tym mechanizm służący anonimowemu sygnalizowaniu nieprawidłowości (w kontekście dyrektywy poświęconej ochronie sygnalistów). W tej części przedstawiono możliwe do zastosowania rozwiązania, będące odpowiedzią na najczęściej występujące nieprawidłowości, przede wszystkim naruszenia w obszarze zamówień publicznych, konflikt interesów czy zmowy przetargowe. Przybliżono także tzw. pakt uczciwości, innowacyjny instrument kontroli społecznej wydatkowania środków publicznych. Opisano stosowane narzędzia informatyczne zwiększające przejrzystość wydatków publicznych, a także ułatwiające identyfikację podejrzanych transakcji.
EN
The second part of the article, which presents the solutions adopted in the Act on the principles for the implementation of programmes within the Cohesion Policy financed in the 2014−2020 financial perspective, focuses on the analysis of the provisions related to auditing of spending within projects co-financed from the EU funds. In his article, the author also discusses issues related to accounting for irregularities found in projects financed from the EU funds. The provisions referred to are presented in the context of the requirements set forth in Regulation No 1303/2013 that introduced the principle of annual accounting for spending between a Member State and the European Commission.
EN
Decompression sickness is a group of pathological processes occurring in the body, following its exposure to an excessive drop in atmospheric pressure. The paper presents a case of a 62-year-old patient with no substantial disease history, a long-standing professional military pilot who was diagnosed with multifocal, bone manifestation of decompression sickness during the diagnosis of right knee joint injury following a torsion injury. The case was presented to draw attention to the usefulness of occupational history in the process of diagnosing osteoarticular system diseases. Med Pr 2013;64(2):273–279
PL
Choroba dekompresyjna stanowi zespół procesów patologicznych, które zachodzą w organizmie człowieka wskutek narażenia na zbyt szybko obniżające się ciśnienie atmosferyczne. W pracy przedstawiono przypadek 62-letniego pacjenta bez istotnej przeszłości chorobowej, wieloletniego wojskowego pilota zawodowego, u którego w trakcie diagnostyki uszkodzenia stawu kolanowego prawego będącego następstwem urazu skrętnego, rozpoznano wieloogniskową, kostną manifestację choroby dekompresyjnej. Prezentowany przypadek ma zwrócić uwagę na przydatność wywiadu zawodowego w diagnostyce chorób układu kostno-stawowego. Med. Pr. 2013;64(2):273–279
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