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STOSUNKI POLSKO-SŁOWACKIE W LATACH 1993 ‒ 2002

100%
Annales Scientia Politica
|
2019
|
vol. 8
|
issue 1
47 – 55
EN
The main purpose of the article is to present relations of the newly created entity on the international arena of the Slovak Republic and Poland. Time caesuras include the period from 1993 to 2002. In 1993, the establishment of the Slovak Republic was proclaimed and in 2002, both Slovakia and Poland completed the accession negotiations in Copenhagen related with joining the European Union. The article is based on the assumption that in the analysed period the relations of both countries were determined by striving for being a part of Euro-Atlantic structures.
EN
This article concerns the concept of determinants of the state’s foreign policy and their presentation in the context of the influence on the foreign policy of the Slovak Republic. The author decided on determinants, which in his opinion had a key impact on the shape of Slovakia’s foreign policy: geographical environment, historical factors, population factor, foreign service and diplomacy, as well as external conditions. The period of the beginning of the Slovak Republic’s existence was analyzed. The following research hypotheses have been critically verified: among the determinants of Slovakia’s foreign policy, historical factors seemed decisive, especially in the context of relations with Hungary. The second decisive determinant was the deficit in the staff of foreign service and diplomacy, which was important in the context of creating foreign policy from scratch. Finally, the third decisive factor was the multinational nature of this state.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia pojęcie determinantów polityki zagranicznej państwa oraz ukazuje ich wpływ na politykę zagraniczną Republiki Słowackiej. Autor wybrał te determinanty, które w jego ocenie miały kluczowy wpływ na kształt polityki zagranicznej Słowacji: środowisko geograficzne, czynniki historyczne, czynnik ludnościowy, służbę zagraniczną i dyplomację oraz uwarunkowania zewnętrzne. Analizie poddano okres początku istnienia Republiki Słowackiej. Krytycznej weryfikacji zostały poddane następujące hipotezy badawcze: spośród determinantów polityki zagranicznej Słowacji, decydujące znaczenie miały: czynniki historyczne, szczególnie w kontekście stosunków z Węgrami; deficyt w kadrach służby zagranicznej i dyplomacji, co miało duże znaczenie w kontekście kreowania od podstaw polityki zagranicznej; wielonarodowościowy charakter tego państwa.
EN
During the interwar period, Czechoslovakia was the multiethnic state. The most numerous minority in Czechoslovakia were Germans. They presented over 20% of all First Republic population. The majority of this ethnic group inhabited in western part of Germany – they were called “Sudeten Germans”. Carpathian Germans inhabit the fields of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia. They were less numerous, diffuse and less organized. In analyzed period in Slovakia rivaled two biggest German political parties: the Zipser German Party and the Carpathian Germans Party. About influences among local Germans tried also Hungarians. Finally has won the Carpathian Germans Party, around which has come the consolidation of Slovak German. It was subordinated Sudeten Germans Party and realized the interests of the Nazi Germany.
EN
The article concerns the importance of the Federal Republic of Germany in the foreign policy of the Slovak Republic. The analysis covered the period from the creation of the Slovak Republic (January 1, 1993) to the termination of Mikuláš Dzurinda's rule in 2002. The role of Germany in the foreign policy of Slovakia during the rule of Vladimír Mečiar, Jozef Moravčik and Mikulaš Dzurinda was presented. The following hypotheses were assumed: taking into account bilateral relations, in the years 1993–2002 the Slovak Republic had the worst relations with the Republic of Hungary and Ukraine, while it is difficult to find any negative factors that would affect relations with the Federal Republic of Germany, outside the period of V. Mečiar's rule, when human rights were abused. Secondly, Germany, due to its position in the European Union, played an important, though not decisive role in the process of Slovakia's accession to this organization. A comparative method was used to verify the hypotheses. The policies of particular governments in Bratislava towards Germany were compared. The method of decision analysis was also employed, which allowed for the presentation of situations and processes that are the culmination of decisions taken by representatives of the Slovak authorities. The institutional and legal method allowed to analyze legal acts and multilateral and bilateral agreements to which the Slovak Republic was a party.
EN
The article concerns the analysis of the political situation in the Slovak Republic and the formation of the party system. In the analysed period, the process of decomposition of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic took place, or actually, the culmination of this process. The study is based on the assumption that in the analysed period there were many divisions observed on the political scene, which were the result of the lack of a stable political structure. In the article author uses the method of historical and institutional analysis.
EN
The article concerns an analysis of the political situation in the Slovak Republic between the years 1992–1994 and the formation of the legal and state system. In the analysed period, the process of decomposition of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic took place or, to be more precise, the finalisation of this process. The study is based on the assumption that in the analysed period there were many divisions observed on the political scene, which was the result of the lack of a stable political structure.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy działalności Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego dla Byłej Jugosławii (ICTY). Autor starał się odpowiedzieć na pytania: jakie cele przyświecały utworzeniu Trybunału; z jakimi trudnościami borykali się prokuratorzy; czy w rzeczywistości był on odzwierciedleniem sprawiedliwości międzynarodowej; czy ICTY miał wpływ na stosunki międzynarodowe? Przeanalizowano cztery procesy: Slobodana Miloševicia, Ante Gotoviny, Radislava Krsticia i Ratko Mladicia. Artykuł opiera się na następujących założeniach: po pierwsze, powołanie ICTY w pewnym stopniu przyczyniło się do zakończenia konfliktu w byłej Jugosławii. Po drugie, działalność Trybunału była jednym z czynników determinujących powstanie Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego. Po trzecie, samo postawienie przed wymiarem sprawiedliwości osób oskarżanych o najcięższe naruszenia praw człowieka było sukcesem. Po czwarte, wyroki ICTY wpłynęły na eskalację stosunków chorwacko-serbskich z jednej i na przyspieszenie akcesji Republiki Chorwacji do Unii Europejskiej z drugiej strony. W artykule posłużono się szeregiem metod badawczych charakterystycznych dla nauk o polityce: analizą instytucjonalno-prawną, która pozwoliła na przeanalizowanie działalności ICTY. Analiza systemowa znalazła zastosowanie w wyjaśnieniu roli ICTY w systemie międzynarodowego sadownictwa karnego. Dzięki analizie treści przeanalizowano postępowania procesowe przed Trybunałem. Studium przypadku posłużyło do analizy poszczególnych procesów. Metoda analizy decyzyjnej pozwoliła na przeanalizowanie procesów podejmowania decyzji w ramach działalności ICTY.
EN
Slovak Republic is the state, where in comparison with Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary, considerable percentage of inhabitants present representatives of national and ethnic minorities. The basic documents for normalization the situation of minorities in Slovakia are Constitution and State language Act. Slovak Republic is also obliged by bilateral agreements and obligations from membership in international bodies with global and regional coverage: The United Nations, The Council of Europe, The Visegrád Group and The Central European Initiative. The ethnic policy of V. Mečiar government with reference to Roms and Hungarians has caused isolation of Slovakia on international scene. Slovakia has fallen out from first group states aspirating to UE and NATO. In analyzed period Slovakia had to give up participation in Visegrád Group and faced many tensions with Hungary.
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EN
The Slovak Republic was born on 1 January 1993 resulting from a disintegration of the Czecho-Slovak Federation. Just like in the case of the other Eastern European countries, its foreign policy priority was defined in terms of the Republic’s integration with Euro-Atlantic structures. Compared to the other states in the region, the road of Slovakia to the European Union seems most exceptional. This exceptionality was caused by the political line pursued by Vladimír Mečiar’s cabinet in the period of 1994– 1998, which led to international isolation of Slovakia, made the country's bilateral relations with the neighbouring countries deteriorate, and let basic human rights be violated. Discrimination of the Roma and Hungarian minorities, using secret police forces to fight opposition as well as an increase in nationalist feelings resulted in Slovakia’s drop-out of the first group of CEE countries to apply for the EU membership. Slovakia’s relations with Hungry were particularly tense because of the Hungarian minority problem and the issue of Beneš’s decrees constituting a basis on which the property of many Hungarians had been confiscated after the war. The situation changed in 1998 when the so called „broad coalition” assumed power in Slovakia, led by Mikulaš Dzurinda. Dzurinda's cabinet's energetic efforts resulted in the Slovak Republic being invited back to the membership negotiations during the EU summit in Helsinki in 1999. In a short time the Slovaks became the leader of the negotiation process. Slovakia became a country attractive for many foreign investors, which contributed to its rapid economic growth. The systemic and economic transformation entailed, however, considerable costs exemplified by the rise of unemployment and much increased budget expenses to cover the social assistance needs. The EU accession referendum proved to be the Slovak population's manifestation in support of European integration. The fact that the referendum attendance only slightly exceeded the required minimum of 50% was, nonetheless, a case of concern. Representatives of practically all of the Slovak political parties spoke enthusiatically in favour of accession to the European Union. Some doubts were only voiced regarding dominant social views. Slovakia is a country of fairly small demographic potential. It is inhabited by barely 5,4 mln people. This is translated into an expected level of influence of Slovakia within the EU, which is insignificant. The Slovaks are represented by 1 commissioner, 14 deputies at the European Parliament, 7 ballots in the Council of the European Union, and some representatives in other Union’s institutions. In the circumstances, the Slovaks will be forced to seek allies to pursue their goals.
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