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EN
The starting point in this article is an assumption that analysis concerning transformations in economic structures of companies is prompted by difficulties in shaping processes of social organization of production, and especially in solving external co-operation problems. Past failures teach that solution of these problems should be sought with in companies themselves through establishment of multi-plant corporations. Analysis of evolution of multi-plant corporations with coproduction and industrial-combine structure as well as evolution of undustrial associations showed that trends towards creation of vertical economic structures a rebecoming more and more pronounced. There is, however, missing a definite concept of industrial development and a centralized model of industrial administration which account appearance of many contradictions occuring in the course or this evolution. Existence of two directions in creation of vertical structures of companies enhances the need for conducting researches aimed at determining which of the two directions should be givene preference as the one most effective. Multi-plant corporations with a vertical organizational structure will have to be equipped with greater economic freedom while superior units should focus their attention, to a wider extent, on strategic goals in new conditions.
PL
Recenzja podręcznika: Ekonomiczno-organizacyjne uwarunkowania rozwoju regionów - teoria i praktyka, praca zbiorowa pod redakcją Danuty Stawasz, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2004.
EN
In the article the author pays attention to marketing in terms of market activities. Such attitude allows to show various functions and chances for development and above all - the basis of competitive strenghts.
EN
Economic growth can be stimulated by reduction of taxes, ensuring stability oľ the tax law as well as an equal treatment of economic units. Moreover, economic growth is promoted also by income tax reductions for investment spendings, simplification of the tax law and tax recording principles as well as adjustment of taxation forms to tax systems followed by the EU countries.
EN
The vast scale of problems linked with designing economic growth models based on market factors and the accepted restrictions with regard to the size of discussed content made it necessary to focus on this content, which in a significant but abridged way makes an introduction to this kind of an idea of projecting economic growth. Consequently, the structure of this article is some kind of a compromise between earlier strategies of economic growth and a proposal of changes aimed at widening economic growth factors by economic factors. Economic growth models based on market factors seek systemic solutions along with mechanisms and instruments allowing to control economically the processes of economic growth. Phases and procedures of this modelling described in the article can give rise to polemic and highly controversial opinions but such is the aim of social and economic sciences. The estimated values of parameters of the trends function and regression equations along with their analytical forms can prove to be very useful instruments for building growth models, as these variables are analysed for the years 1991-2000 and, thus, in the time interval allowing to make appropriate statistical conclusions.
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PL
Wydrukowano z dostarczonych Wydawnictwu UŁ gotowych materiałów.
EN
The Bologna process aims to create a European Higher Education Area by 2010, which is connected with great changes in the structures of the university studies. The one of main modifications is a new program of academic courses in all specializations. Main aim of the article is an attempt to evaluate the possibilities of realizing the agenda (included in the teaching standards) in comparison to the time needed to achieve it. In many cases the solutions seems accidental and the assumptions contained in the standardization documents impossible to fulfill.
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EN
The general economic policy framework in the Euro zone is defined by the Maastricht Treaty. Due to a big diversity of economic structures and political preferences of the member countries as well as the subsidiarity principle followed in the F.U, the Treaty leaves many significant fields of the economic policy for national competences. Nevertheless, it envisages ccrtain measures aimed at ensuring the coherence of decisions made by different political entities. It is promoted by a clear division of responsibilities for pursuing specific policies, defining common goals of the economic policy, general principles of pursuing it and creating a network of decision-making centres. Within this scope there is room both for more or less binding co-ordination forms as well as a free play of competitive economic policy programmes. This general framework was complemented gradually by detailed frames of economic policy co-ordination and primarily such as the budget policy, the employment policy and structural reforms. Due to the fact that credibility of the economic policy within the economic and monetary union is dependent upon the effectiveness of different co-ordination procedures, these procedures are subject to constant supervision, which leads to the adjustment of operating frames of the economic policy to new objectives and conditions.
EN
The accession of Poland to the European Union requires creating adequate institutional conditions. The strengthening of institutional and administrative capacity of Poland (and other candidate countries) is also in the interest of EU - hence its help with creating and strengthening administrative structures in those countries. The main source of this help is PHARE. One of its components - Institution Building - allows financing the strengthening of administrative capacity. One of the mechanisms of support of institution building is twinning. It is the agreement between an institution in the candidate country and its equivalent in one or more member states. The aim of twinning is to deliver specific and guaranteed results, agreed between the parties in advance and fulfilling the goals set out in the Accession Partnerships. The parties sing the "Twinning Covenant" in which they agree on detailed work plan and means to achieve the result. It is the new form of co-operation of candidates and member states of EU. The article touches on the meaning of twinning projects and the commitment of member states in their implementation.
EN
Globalization’s process proceeding presently in world economy influences not only on firms’ behaviour but also on economic structure of individual countries space. One of main symptoms of globalization’s process is phenomenon of space s metropolization. In the consequence of this phenomenon it changes at first relation between huge city and region which is its hinterland. Secondly, they are formed new connections among individual metropolises.
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EN
The end of twenty century abounded in numerous events also economic ones. It becomes to count them among intensive transformations in regional development. This article is a trial to seize the most important changes in regional development. It was told more over processes of polarization and networking without decision if they are the most significant conceptions in Regional Science. In the end of the article it was also paid attention to another important phenomenons playing meaningful role in regional development, especially Polish situation was taken into consideration.
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