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1

COATS OF ARMS ON TILES FROM UJAZD, OR ON 'CERAMIC ARMORIALS'

100%
Kajzer L.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2006
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vol. 55
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issue 1
21-31
EN
The article analyses an interesting collection of stove tiles decorated with armorial bearings, found in 2003 during the exploration of the castle in Ujazd near Tomaszów Mazowiecki in the historical region of Leczyca. Most probably in the years 1636-1645, when the castle was turned into an early-baroque style residence by Kacper Denhoff, all the fittings, including late-Gothic stoves, were removed. Some of the destroyed stove tiles were discovered by archaeological methods. Although many tiles were badly damaged and it was impossible to explore the whole deposit, the analysis has disclosed an interesting type of tiles, covered with green, brown or olive glaze, with heraldic bearings on them. The collection can be dated to the second half of the 15th c., with some of the items possibly coming from the early 16th c. Within this material, 16 knightly coats of arms were identified with certainty and several others tentatively. Bearing in mind that the finds were far from complete, it can be estimated that the stoves in Ujazd had images of 25-30 coats of arms represented on them. The collection was compared with heraldic tiles found in other sites within the widely understood province of Great Poland (Boleslawiec on the Prosna, Inowlodz, Jarocin, Oporów, Raciazek, Rogozno), and with the largest available sets, found in Gniezno and Jankowo Dolne. It is worth stressing that in the second half of the 15th c. the Polish heraldic system was taking its final shape and being codified, and the coats of arms found on the tiles in question correspond to a significant extent to those found in the Polish armorials of the time, which until today are the principal source for historians and heraldists. Consequently, it is hypothesized that tile stoves decorated with coats of arms had a role parallel to armorials, which were much less accessible at that time. Thus, the author claims that such stoves can be treated as 'ceramic armorials'. Their presence in late-mediaeval residences testifies to the needs and aspirations of the feudal elite, which was at that time transforming from knights into early modern gentry settled at their estates. (2 tables)
2

A SIERADZ 'PALACE DECADE'? KACPER DENHOFF'S FOUNDATIONS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17th CENTURY

100%
Kajzer L.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2004
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vol. 52
|
issue 4
403-418
EN
In the title the author alludes to the term 'Warsaw palace decade', used by Professor Adam Milobedzki to refer to the rapid development of the Polish capital in the first half of the 17th c., especially to the erection of numerous early-baroque palace complexes. The present text is devoted to the foundations of Kacper Denhoff (d. 1645), a favourite of King Sigismund III Vasa and one of the most prominent members of the so-called 'court faction' in the Polish politics of the time. It has been inspired by the results of excavations in the Ostrowski family palace in Ujazd near Tomaszów Mazowiecki, which have brought new data on the earlier phases in the history of this edifice: the fifteenth-century castle built by Piotr Strykowski and the early-baroque residence of Kacper Denhoff. Kacper Denhoff was a newcomer in the ruling elite but he laid the foundations of his family's magnate fortune. Although he supported the King, he did not assume the highest offices and ended his career as the governor of the Sieradz province, but he was influential and propertied. The latter fact enabled him to found several interesting object, mostly in the Sieradz province. His first undertaking of that sort was the transformation of a mediaeval castle in Boleslawiec on the Prosna River into a comfortable residence surrounded with an 'Italian garden'. Later, around 1630, he built an early-baroque palace in Kruszyna. It was the last residential complex erected in Poland that had been planned around an internal yard, but its grand front-yard and garden marked a fully modern layout. Kruszyna became Denhoff's main residence; unfortunately it was located rather far from Warsaw, so in 1636 he bought an estate much closer to the capital, in Ujazd, where he pulled down an old castle and built another palace, probably also surrounded with a garden. Towards the close of his life he founded a domed chapel as a necropolis for himself and his family in the Jasna Góra sanctuary in Czestochowa; that undertaking was completed by his descendants. He lived most often in a wooden manor near the King's residence in Warsaw. As the owner of the re-structured castle in Boleslawiec and two very interesting palaces Kacper Denhoff counts among the most prominent founders of magnate residences in the first half of the 17th c.
3

THE ELITE OF THE SIERADZ REGION AS FOUNDERS IN LATE MIDDLE AGES. RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

100%
Kajzer L.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2004
|
vol. 52
|
issue 2
189-206
EN
The article is concerned with the historical region of Sieradz (between the 14th and 18th c. an administrative district), an area of over 9000 square kilometers, located to the south-west of the present city of Lódz. The term 'late Middle Ages', used in the title, has to be treated broadly, as the phenomena in question are evidenced mainly in the 15th and 16th c., with earlier foundations being scarce. The fifteenth-century nobility of the Sieradz region is described in a historical and genealogical monograph by Alicja Szymczak, published in 1998, collecting data on 14 most influential families referred to in sources as 'magnifici et generosi'. The present article investigates the foundations of some families of the Sieradz elite delineated by Szymczak: the Koniecpolskis (the family that she ranks highest as regards the political influence, material standing and social status), the Grabskis and Brudzewskis (2), the Zarebas of Kalinowa (3), the Widawskis (9), the Wezyks of Bedkowo and Wola (10) , and the Zadoras of Bakowa Góra (13).The main points of interest in the study of those families' foundations were: (1) the character of the family residence, (2) the foundation of a parish church, whose patrons the family became, (3) the co-foundation of a monastery, often planned as a family necropolis,(4) smaller foundations, e.g. monuments or chapels. Undoubtedly, the most interesting mercenary record is that of the Koniecpolski family. Although until the turn of the 16th century they lived in a wooden stronghold on a fortified hill, they not only erected a church in the centre of their estates, but also founded a monastery for eremites of St Paul's order (Ordo Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae). The richly ornamented monastery church, intended as a family necropolis, shelters a fine bronze plate marking the grave of three Koniecpolskis.The other families were less active. They usually lived in fortified wooden manors, and in the late 15th and early 16th c. erected brick churches in the villages and towns of their estates. Only the Brudzewskis co-founded the wooden monastery complex for the Franciscan order in Warta, and the Wezyks, probably in the mid 16th c., built a brick residence in Wojslawice. It was typical of late mediaeval castle-like residences but it was very small. An interesting case it that of the Zadoras of Bakowa Wola, a family prospering only for two generations (Zbigniew the elder, and his son Zbigniew the younger (d. 1469)). They erected a brick church, but also a stone residence, which in older literature was described as a 'fortified manor', but it may as well have been a huge four-storey dwelling tower - a donjon, treated as a pars pro toto of a castle. Summing up, the foundations of the Sieradz elite seem to have been typical and comparable to those evidenced in the other, western part of Great Poland.
4

A MEDIEVAL CENSER - A THURIBLE FROM THE TEUTONIC ORDER CASTLE IN SATOCZNO

63%
Andrzejewski A., Kajzer L.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 2
195-202
EN
The article investigates a completely destroyed copper artefact found in the moat of the Teutonic Order castle in Satoczno (district of Korsze) during the second season of field excavations in 2002. According to Peter of Dusburg, the castle in Satoczno was built in 1326 in the bifurcation of the rivers Gubr and Sajna. For a short time it was the seat of a Teutonic Order commandery. On the 13th of February 1347, during a raid led by the Lithuanian princes Kiejstut and Olgierd, it was captured and burnt down. The commandery in Satoczno was liquidated and the castle never regained its former significance; until the mid 15th c. it was the seat of the Teutonic Order Waldemeister.The artefact in question, weighing 201 grams, was found in the material filling the northern fragment of the former moat, in a layer of watered bluish loam. After a closer examination it turned out to be a completely destroyed thurible, or censer. It is hypothesised that the artefact got into the moat as a result of the invasion on the 13th February 1347 and was crushed by the hoof (?) of a Lithuanian horse, but this hypothesis is completely unverifiable. Thuribles are rarely found by archaeologists, so it is a pity that the one from Satoczno is so vastly deformed. Still, it is a proof that the castle had a chapel, which was the norm, but of which in this case no written mention has survived.(2 fig.)
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