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EN
The leading edge of the mass migration from Poland to the USA which began in the 1870s was comprised mostly of ethnic Poles from the German-occupied partition, but these were superseded in the following decade by arrivals from the Austrian partition, who were in turn eclipsed in the latter 1890s by immigrants from the Russian-controlled regions. To the immigrants there were specific differences in regional culture, dialect, and traditions by which they clearly separated themselves into three or more groups. Thus, one of the major challenges facing immigrants was how to create a new Polish American identity from such a diverse collection of subgroups. In particular, the paper focuses on the forms of cultural and identity transmission from generation to generation. It suggests that by emphasizing Old World customs and celebrations, i.e. by remembering Poland, but not Polonia, the immigrants have failed to create a distinctly Polonian identity independent of Poland.
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