This article presents two philosophical concepts of the tragic. The first was created by Henryk Elzenberg who defined it in terms of ontology. For him the tragic depends on the imperfection of human being. The second proposal was made by Józef Tischner, who created a so-called philosophy of drama. He in turn explained the tragic in terms of religious fate, which determines human self-perception and actions. The article also considers the relationship between these concepts of the tragic and the Aristotelian notion of katharsis.
The article aims at reinterpreting Boleslaw Prus' novel Pharaoh made with the use of religious and anthropological contexts. The basic events of the plot were presented as mythological categories: as a fight between twin deities (Osiris and Set), making an offering, miraculous ressurection, and restoration of order. In this manner Prus presents a genetic and functional dependence of old cultural institution (such as politics, monarchy, army, arts, science, economy) on ritual-religious system.
Artykuł jest analizą powieści Elizy Orzeszkowej „Bene nati”. Wskazano w nim trzy (odrębne i nieredukowalne) typy ambicji tworzące „pole” (w rozumieniu Pierre’a Bourdieu), do którego „wrzuceni” zostali bohaterowie. Wykreowane w ten sposób interakcje zostają zinterpretowane w kategoriach reguł socjologicznych zawierania małżeństw, tj. jako endogamia, quasi-endogamia oraz egzogamia. Ich funkcjonowanie wyjaśniono ponadto w kategoriach etycznych.
EN
The article analyses Eliza Orzeszkowa’s novel “Bene nati.” It points out three separate and imprintable types of ambitions that form a “field” (in Pierre Bourdieu’s understanding) to which characters are “thrown.” The interactions produced in this way are interpreted according to sociological rules of entering into marriage that are endogamy, quasi-endogamy, and exogamy. The functioning of these rules is also explicated in ethical categories.
The article concerns the problem of revenge in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Trilogy. It was distinguished and described two models of it. The first one is spontaneous, irrational, and emotional; the second one – i.e. clan revenge – is conceptual, and perfectly executed. The article examines such problems as: a circulations of violence, kinds of personal engagements in it (as subject, object and victim), and its effects.
The article analyzes the column written by Henryk Sienkiewcz which concerns betting on horse races in Paris in 1878. Roger Caillois’ categories such as mimicry, alea, ilinx and agon, prove that horse racing contains all aspects of modern gambling, which turns it into a relict of dangerous, magical thinking.
This is a comparative analysis of two short stories by Boleslaw Prus, 'Antek' and 'The Sins of Childhood'. The principal aim of the argument is to demonstrate that the publication of the latter story marks a watershed in Prus' writing. The novelty of 'The Sins of Childhood' is indicated by both the changes in the way the writer creates his main character and handles his social environment and a shift in Prus' approach to literary fiction. Whereas 'Antek' remains alienated and autonomous, the main character of the other story is given to mimicking his peers and, to an even greater extent, the adults. On the level of social behaviour, 'Antek' shows the expulsion of the title character, an action which goes on unopposed, while 'The Sins of Childhood' demystify unjustified persecution.
The paper reconstructs the photography aesthetic conceptions found in the texts by two writers, namely Boleslaw Prus and Ryszard Kapuscinski. The former sets the problem of the picture within the scope of basic values, i.e. Usefulness, Perfection, and Happiness. In the first aspect, a picture - due to its faithfulness and credibility - is fully appreciated. In the second aspect, connected with the problem of aesthetic value, Prus expresses the opinion that a picture is not a match to a painting but due to technical development these two could be made equal in the future. In the last aspect, the writer consistently maintains that a picture can neither substitute contact with a person nor remove the experience of elapsing time. In the latter writer's reflection, the issue in question is refreshed and the picture gains a metaphorical status. As a result, there appears not only development of cognition but also confirmation and purification of reality.
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