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Economic security of Polish Voivodeships. Measuring the concept

100%
Borkowski M.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2020
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vol. 114
PL
Przedmiot badań: Współcześnie bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne należy do najważniejszych kwe­stii w analizie gospodarek. Można uznać, że pomiar i ocena bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego jest swego rodzaju holistycznym badaniem całej gospodarki. Cel badawczy: W artykule podjęto próbę pomiaru bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego polskich wo­jewództw, zarówno w jego poszczególnych wymiarach, jak i w sposób ogólny. Metoda badawcza: Do budowy syntetycznych indykatorów wykorzystano jedną z technik takso­nomicznych: metodę miary Perkala. Wnioski: Opracowane syntetyczne wskaźniki bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego pozwoliły na uporządkowanie województw pod względem tego zjawiska. Polskie województwa są nie tylko zróżnicowane ze względu na ogólny poziom bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego, ale także na po­ziom bezpieczeństwa w poszczególnych wymiarach. Co więcej, istniała możliwość wyznacze­nia współczynników korelacji pomiędzy indykatorem ogólnego bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego a miernikami tego zjawiska z poszczególnych wymiarach. Największy wpływ na kształtowanie ogólnego poziomu bezpieczeństwa mają wymiary: społeczny oraz ekonomiczny i finansowy.
EN
Background: Economic security is currently considered as relevant aspect of every economy functioning. It can be stated that measuring its level is a kind of holistic approach to studying the national economy. Research purpose: The aim of this article is to measure the level of economic security in Pol­ish regions using both, a general approach as well as a more detailed one, considering selected economic dimensions, such as economic growth, wage growth, social security, food quality and environmental balance. Methods: The paper considers Perkal’s method to be the best taxonomic technique for construct­ing synthetic indicators and used it to do so. Conclusions: The calculated synthetic indicators facilitates a linear ordering of the Polish Voivodeships in terms of economic security. Not only are Polish regions diversified relative to the general level of economic security, but also to the level of economic security according to several selected dimensions. What is more, it was possible to determine linear correlation coefficients between the indicator of general economic security and its measurement level in the selected dimensions. Social, economic and financial dimensions have the most significant impact on deter­mining general economic security.
2
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Social Capital and Economic Development: PLS-SEM Model

100%
Borkowski M.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2023
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vol. 314
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issue 2
11-27
PL
Celem artykułu jest pomiar kapitału społecznego oraz określenie jego oddziaływania na rozwój gospodarczy wybranych gospodarek europejskich w latach 2017–2020. W pracy wykorzystano metodę modelowania równań strukturalnych z wykorzystaniem cząstkowych najmniejszych kwadratów (PLS-SEM), która umożliwia pomiar oraz identyfikację związków pomiędzy zmiennymi ukrytymi (bezpośrednio nieobserwowalnymi). Ustalono, że zaufanie społeczne jest bardziej determinowane przez zaufanie interpersonalne niż przez zaufanie względem organizacji. Ponadto stwierdzono, że zaufanie społeczne jest najważniejszym elementem ogólnej miary kapitału społecznego. Mniej ważnym w formowaniu tej zmiennej okazała się zmienna społecznych interakcji i postaw. Ustalono także, że pomiędzy zmiennymi kapitału społecznego i rozwoju gospodarczego występuje silny dodatni i istotny statystycznie związek.
EN
The aim of this paper is to measure social capital and determine its effect on economic development across thirty five European economies from 2017 to 2020. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to measure and identify the relationship between latent (directly unobservable) variables. Social trust was found to be more strongly determined by interpersonal trust than by trust in organisations. Furthermore, social trust was also found to be the most important component of the overall measure of social capital. The latent variable representing social interaction and attitudes was found to be less important in the formation of social capital. Finally, a strong positive and statistically significant relationship was found between social capital and economic development.
3
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Institutional equilibrium in EU economies in 2008 and 2018: SEM-PLS models

100%
Borkowski M.
Statistics in Transition new series
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2022
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vol. 23
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issue 2
107-127
EN
The aim of the research is to identify the strength and direction of the development of the relationship between formal and informal institutions and to assess the institutional equilibrium of modern economies. The structural equations modelling based on partial least squares (SEM-PLS) is applied to achieve the purpose of the article. It is an econometric method that allows the measurement and analysis of the dependencies between latent variables (measures that cannot be directly observed). The study included 27 EU economies and the research period covered the years 2008 and 2018. The results of the study demonstrate that the quality of informal institutions strongly, positively determines the quality of formal institutions. The conducted analyses indicate that modern economies are diversified in terms of the quality of informal and formal institutions and, consequently, in institutional equilibrium. Considerable institutional disparities also translate into a large diversification in economic development. The article proposes a different meaning of institutional equilibrium, understood as the achieved state of institutional structure characterised by high quality informal institutions which interact with each other to improve the efficiency of formal institutions. The article presents a comprehensive model of the institutional structure and a unique method of measuring institutional equilibrium.
4
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Energy expenditure for massage therapists during performing selected classical massage techniques

39%
Więcek M., Szymura J., Maciejczyk M., Szyguła Z., Cempla J., Borkowski M.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2018
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vol. 31
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issue 5
677-684
EN
Objectives The aim of the study is to evaluate the intensity of the effort and energy expenditure in the course of performing selected classical massage techniques and to assess the workload of a massage therapist during a work shift. Material and Methods Thirteen massage therapists (age: 21.9±1.9 years old, body mass index: 24.5±2.8 kg×m⁻², maximal oxygen consumption × body mass⁻¹ ($\text{VO}_\text{2max}$×BM⁻¹): 42.3±7 ml×kg⁻¹×min⁻¹) were involved in the study. The stress test consisted in performing selected classical massage techniques in the following order: stroking, kneading, shaking, beating, rubbing and direct vibration, during which the cardio-respiratory responses and the subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. Intensity of exercise during each massage technique was expressed as % $\text{VO}_\text{2max}$, % maximal heart rate ($\text{HR}_\text{max}$) and % heart rate reserve (HRR). During each massage technique, net energy expenditure (EE) and energy cost of work using metabolic equivalent of task (MET) were determined. Results The intensity of exercise was 47.2±6.2% as expressed in terms of % $\text{VO}_\text{2max}$, and 74.7±3.2% as expressed in terms of % $\text{HR}_\text{max}$, while it was 47.8±1.7% on average when expressed in terms of % HRR during the whole procedure. While performing the classical massage, the average EE and MET were 5.6±0.9 kcal×min⁻¹ and 5.6±0.2, respectively. The average RPE calculated for the entire procedure was 12.1±1.4. During the performance of a classical massage technique for a single treatment during the study, the average total EE was 176.5±29.6 kcal, resulting in an energy expenditure of 336.2±56.4 kcal×h⁻¹. In the case of the classical massage technique, rubbing was the highest intensity exercise for the masseur who performed the massage ($\text{%VO}_\text{2max}$ = 57.4±13.1%, $\text{HR}_\text{max}$ = 79.6±7.7%, HRR = 58.5±13.1%, MET = 6.7±1.1, EE = 7.1±1.4 kcal×min⁻¹, RPE = 13.4±1.3). Conclusions In the objective assessment, physical exercise while performing a single classical massage is characterized by hard work. The technique of classical massage during which the masseur performs the highest exercise intensity is rubbing. According to the classification of work intensity based on energy expenditure, the masseur’s work is considered heavy during the whole work shift. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(5):677–684
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