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1
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Domniemanie decydującego wpływu spółki dominującej na zachowania antykonkurencyjne spółek zależnych

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Stefanicki R.
Forum Prawnicze
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2011
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issue 6 (8)
30-42
EN
The Court’s ruling discussed may be relevant to the application of TFUE as it introduces a clear rule regarding prerequisites for attributing the responsibility of a parent company’s for business actions of its subsidiaries. It is already a well‑established doctrinal and juridical position that a parent company can be called to account for cartel offences committed by its subsidiaries if it exercises a decisive influence over them. In its recent ruling, including the Akzo Nobel judgment, the Court of Justice stated that when a parent company holds 100% of the capital of a subsidiary which has committed an infringement, it can be simply presumed that the parent company exerts decisive influence over the conduct of its subsidiary, and that they therefore constitute a single undertaking within the meaning of Article 101 TFUE. It is thus for a parent company which challenges before the Community judicature the Commission decision fining it for the conduct of its subsidiary to rebut that presumption by adducing the evidence to establish that its subsidiary was independent. Attribution of responsibility to a parent company is consistent with the principle of personal responsibility and with the objective of effective enforcement of the competition rules to hold all the companies of the group which have participated in the cartel, together with the parent company, jointly and severally liable for the purpose of punishing the cartel offence. Only in that way can it also be ensured that, when assessing the amount of a fine to be imposed, the true economic strength of the whole undertaking is correctly taken into account and that the successful enforcement of the fine is not jeopardised by any transfers of assets between the parent company and its subsidiaries.
2
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Nowe konstrukcje w prawie ubezpieczeń – ankieta ubezpieczeniowa

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Stefanicki R.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2017
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vol. 104
121-134
PL
Ubezpieczenia na życie połączone z ubezpieczeniowym funduszem kapitałowym oraz ubezpieczenia na życie, w których wysokość świadczenia ustalana jest na podstawie indeksów i innych wartości bazowych, stanowią kategorie kontraktów złożonych, obarczonych znacznym ryzykiem, ze względu na występujący w nich element inwestowania. Skomplikowana natura tego rodzaju umów przesądza o rozbudowaniu normatywnych wymogów informacyjnych, ciążących na ubezpieczycielu wobec ubezpieczających. W szczególności dotyczą one powinności przedkontraktowych. Z powyższymi obowiązkami pozostaje w ścisłym związku nowa konstrukcja w prawie ubezpieczeń – ankieta ubezpieczeniowa. Służy ona zebraniu, od zainteresowanych zawarciem umowy ubezpieczenia, informacji dotyczących ich potrzeb, posiadanej wiedzy i doświadczenia oraz sytuacji finansowej. W założeniu ustawodawczym ma ona zabezpieczać podejmowanie przez ubezpieczających (ubezpieczonych) racjonalnej decyzji rynkowej.
EN
The popular on the market life insurance with insurance capital fund and life insurance, in which the amount of the benefit is determined on the basis of indexes and other underlying values (base values), are the categories of complex (complicated) contracts due to present an element of investment. The specific nature determines to a large extent on the more elaborate information requirements to policyholders, charged to the insurer even at the pre-contractual stage. With this approach it is closely related requirement to carry out by the insurer questionnaire, which serves the purpose of gathering information on the needs, knowledge and experience and financial situation from interested conclusion of the contract. This instrument is used to make a rational decision market by potential customers. The following material is intended converging this relatively new topic readers.
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INFORMATION AS A WAY TO PROTECT THE WEAKER CONTRACTING PARTY IN THE COMMUNITY LAW (Informacje jako srodek ochrony slabszej strony umowy w prawie wspólnotowym)

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Stefanicki R.
Studia Prawnicze
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2008
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issue 1(175)
65-85
EN
European consumer policy increasingly places emphasis on the role of information in allowing consumers to protect themselves and consequently promoting a competitive economy. Greater than ever the transparency information available to consumers de lege lata is undoubtedly beneficial. The solution may be relaxed enforcement of the regulatory framework and self-regulation to the more general principle of good-faith in contractual relationships to avoid over-regulation and hindrances to the technological development by codes of conduct. The article examines the merit of the test of the average consumer as a basis for judicial and regulatory action but therefore to be assessed taking account of the clearly identifiable group of consumers who are particularly vulnerable to the practice or the underlying product because of their mental or physical infirmity, age or credulity in a way which the trader could reasonably be expected to foresee, shall be assessed from the perspective of the average member of that group. The term commercial communications widely covers all forms of advertising, direct marketing, sponsorship, sales promotions and public relations promoting products and services. As the information society evolves, new forms of commercial communications will undoubtedly assume greater importance in this field.
4

Wymogi rzetelności zawodowej członków zarządu spółki kapitałowej. Pensez out-of-the-box. Bougez les lignes, mais restez dans le cadre.

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Stefanicki R.
Przegląd Legislacyjny
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2020
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issue PL 3 (113)
47-58
EN
Assuming the rationality of the legislator in the lawmaking process, there should be associated with failure to exercise due to professional civil law legal basis for their liability. Mostly, however, the courts, as well as most representatives of the doctrine, do not recognize the basis of this responsibility in the failure to comply with the standards in question, regardless of the importance of negligence. However, they assume that for effective to be charged with unlawfulness within the meaning of Art. 293 and 483 of the Commercial Companies Code, it is necessary to simultaneously prove the breach of the company's trustee by a specific provision of law or rules of the agreement (statute). Either way, this could lead to interpretative paradoxes and could imply the need to legislative interference?
5
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Uzasadnienie orzeczeń sądowych – wybrane problemy

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Stefanicki R.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2023
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issue 3(176)
131-156
EN
The justification of judicial decisions is an important research segment of jurisprudence and, at the same time, a very useful instrument in practice, with multiple – constantly discovered, not fully recognised and valued functions. First of all, it is, as a rule, an inseparable element of a judicial decision and a component of a fair trial. Its jurisprudential functions naturally come to the fore. In the considerations undertaken, emphasis is placed on the multilateral determinants and changing paradigms of legal culture. Judicial jurisprudence remains an inherent part of it. The presented material captures the theme of the evolution that is taking place in the model of law – from an autonomous idea, through a closed concept, to a model of law in which facts are relevant. Social changes, characterised by responsiveness in the approach to the interpretation and application of law, are also described.
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Skarga na przewlekłość postępowania sądowego z perspektywy standardów konstytucyjnego prawa do sądu

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Stefanicki R.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2016
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issue 3(134)
45-62
EN
The excessive length of judicial and administrative proceedings is not rare in our country. The legislature, bound especially by the requirements of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms introduces and expands the range of measures applied to individuals in cases of undue delay in proceedings. Potential standards of legal protection for designated letter of the law do not, however, suffi ciently translate into the results determining axiological and praxeological character of the right to trial and the right to good administration. One of the reasons for this is an absence of a consistent and comprehensive approach by the courts in implementing effective remedies for excessive length of proceedings. The effectiveness of complaints handling in relation to cases of excessive length should be examined from the perspective of the constitutional principles of access to the courts and Convention requirements developed by the case law of the Court of Human Rights. Remarks on the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 22 October 2015 touch the broader issue of the consequences (effects) of an interpretation of a varied juridical structure under discussion. Depending on what status of the complaint is achieved by cases concerning excessive length of the proceedings and how effective are the mechanisms for remedy applied in this respect, will shape the legal culture in response to unjustifi ably long proceedings in courts. The guarantees of Article 45 of the Constitution and Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention are intended to strengthen the citizens’ trust in the State and legal protection. There are, however, doubts whether the strategy chosen by the constitutional court in the said judgment can used in shaping the standards of transparency and effectiveness of the legal protection of the individual against excessive length of proceedings.
7
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Efekty „parasola cenowego”. Uwagi na tle wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 5 czerwca 2014 r. w sprawie C-557/12 Kone AG i in.

100%
Stefanicki R.
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 9
90-99
PL
Unijne prawo konkurencji wdrażane jest za pomocą instrumentów prawa publicznego oraz środków prawa prywatnego, służących ochronie indywidualnie poszkodowanych praktykami sprzecznymi z tym prawem. Z bezpośredniego skutku zakazów ustanowionych w Traktacie wynika, że każda osoba może żądać kompensacji poniesionej szkody, jeżeli między szkodą a naruszeniem przedmiotowego prawa występuje związek przyczynowy. Orzecznictwo unijne posługuje się szeroką definicją podmiotów uprawnionych, ponieważ wskazuje na „każdą jednostkę”. Tytułowy wyrok wzbogaca tę konstrukcję, stanowiąc, że cywilnoprawna odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza kartelu obejmować może również tzw. efekty parasola cenowego
EN
: EU competition law is implemented by public and private law measures for the protection of individual victims of practices contrary to the law. With immediate effect the prohibitions laid down in the Treaty flows that any person may request compensation for harm suffered where there is a causal link between the damage and the violation of the law. EU case-law uses a broad definition of entities authorized because it points to "any entity". The title judgment reinforces this construction providing that civil law liability for cartel damages may also include the so-called the effects of „price umbrella”
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