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EN
The relevance of temporary employment has essentially risen in Germany in the last ten years, although the share of leased employees in the general amount of employed people is rather small (3%). However, in the employment politics of companies lending employees as well as borrowing (in the meaning of hiring) employees is used as an instrument for quick adjustments in personnel needs to the changing demand of the market. It was particularly clear to observe in the time of the last crisis 2008/2009, when this kind of employment showed a relevant flexibility towards the massive decrease in the level of economic activity. But simultaneously with the appearance of first signals of economic recovery and linked with it increase in demand for workforce, companies started to employ mainly leased employees more intensively coping in this way with the consequences of the drastic collapse in economic activity.
EN
The last economic crisis contributed to the deepening of the process of tertiarisation of the German economy and simultaneously it influenced further changes of the employment structure. Thanks to subvention in the first sector it came to relatively few employee reductions. The biggest losses have been noted in the second sector, where three times more men than women had been dismissed. As the only beneficiary of the recession emerged the third sector because an increase of jobs could be noticed in almost all categories of employment, thereby particularly profitable turned out to be women. This course of changes was determined by the fact that branches with the biggest decrease in employment are oriented on export, where the most men work. At least sensitive for variations of the economic cycle turned out to be the service sector and there the employment has also risen.
PL
Ostatni kryzys gospodarczy przyczynił się do pogłębienia procesu tertiaryzacji gospodarki niemieckiej, a tym samym wpłynął na dalsze przemiany struktury zatrudnienia. W pierwszym sektorze dzięki subwencjom doszło do relatywnie niewielkich redukcji załóg pracowniczych. Największe straty odnotowano w drugim sektorze, w którym zwolniono trzy razy więcej mężczyzn niż kobiet. Jedynym beneficjentem czasu recesji okazał się trzeci sektor, ponieważ we wszystkich prawie kategoriach zatrudnienia widoczne były znaczne przyrosty miejsc pracy, przy tym szczególnie korzystnie wypadły kobiety. Taki przebieg zmian zdeterminowany był faktem, że branże o największym spadku zatrudnienia są zorientowane na eksport, a w nich pracuje najwięcej mężczyzn. Najmniej wrażliwy na wahania koniunktury okazał się sektor usług i tam też wzrosło zatrudnienie.
PL
Dokonujące się od dwudziestu lat przeobrażenia w gospodarce niemieckiej w istotny sposób determinują zmiany na rynku pracy. Od momentu zjednoczenia obu państw w 1989 r. zaznaczył się znaczny wzrost atypowych form zatrudnienia jako konsekwencja procesów deregulacji tego rynku. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ukazanie spektrum zagadnień dotyczących niejednakowego rozwoju tychże form we wschodniej i zachodniej części RFN ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odmiennej sytuacji mężczyzn i kobiet. Podstawowa teza zakłada, że o zakresie wykorzystania niestandardowych form decyduje przede wszystkim zatrudnienie kobiet, a różnice, jakie uwidaczniają się w obu częściach Niemiec, są konsekwencją oddziaływania nie tylko czynników ekonomicznych, ale w dużej mierze społecznych i instytucjonalnych.
EN
The transformation of the German economy, which has been in progress for the last twenty years, determines the changes of the labour market. Since the reunification in 1989, a major increase in atypical forms of employment has been observed as a result of deregulation processes of the labour market. The aim of this paper is to present the spectrum of problems regarding the diverse development of these forms in the eastern and western parts of the Federal Republic of Germany, with particular focus on the different situation of men and women. The author assumes that in order for non-standard forms of employment to flourish, the employment of women has to be considerable. The differences appearing in both parts of Germany are caused not only by economic factors, but also to a high degree by social and institutional ones.
EN
The last economic crisis caused in Germany an employment decrease that could be observed mainly in the production sector, whereas the service sector experienced a slight employment increase. A more precise analysis of particular branches of this sector facilitated the formulation of the opinion that most jobs have been created in public services, especially in the areas of health protection, social welfare and education. That means in such areas, where the sensitivity for being affected by economic factors is the lowest. Women benefited the most from the employment increase in the mentioned branches, where their professional activity is traditionally high. Thanks to this advantageous situation it was possible to alleviate the strong tendencies of the employment decrease in the remaining sectors of the German economy, particularly in branches of industry involved in production of export goods.
EN
As a result of demographic changes taking place in Germany the population is declining and with it the labor resources. As the consequence of this phenomenon enterprises face the increasingly difficult problem of recruiting the appropriate employees. It can be noticed that simultaneously the share of older employees is increasing. That is why the undertaken actions tend on one hand to temper the consequences of employee shortage, on the other they enable older people further professional development, with a simultaneous adjustment of work load to their physical ability. Based on previous research it can be summarized that the scope and type of the instruments applied in German enterprises depend in a significant degree on the field of their business activity as well as their size.
PL
Zmieniające się otoczenie przedsiębiorstw wymusza na nich ciągłe uruchamianie mechanizmów dostosowawczych. W warunkach restrukturyzacji oznacza to redukcję miejsc pracy. Instrumentem polityki rynku pracy pozwalającym łagodzić skutki zwolnień pracowników są spółki transferowe, które mają stworzyć im nową perspektywę zawodową dzięki szkoleniom, doradztwu, realizacji praktyk i pośrednictwu pracy. Ich prewencyjna funkcja uzyskała w okresie ostatniej recesji gospodarczej 2008/2009 dodatkowy wymiar. Dzięki wykorzystaniu transferowego świadczenia zastępczego udało się zapobiec licznym zwolnieniom i wzrostowi bezrobocia w niektórych działach gospodarki niemieckiej. Stąd można mówić o jego antycyklicznym oddziaływaniu. Szczególnie intensywnie powoływano spółki transferowe w branżach wpływających na rozmiar niemieckiego eksportu. Jednak decyzje o przyznawaniu dofinansowania do ich działalności budzą kontrowersje, ponieważ brakuje im obiektywnego miernika własnych działań.
EN
The changing environment of companies forces them to activate constantly adjustment mechanisms. In conditions of many restructurings this means mostly the reduction of jobs. An instrument of the labour market politics allowing to temper the consequences of these lay-offs are transfer companies which aim to create a new job perspective thanks to trainings, consultancy, the realisation of internships and placement services. Their preventive function in the time of the last economic recession 2008/2009 reached an additional dimension. Thanks to a wider utilisation of reduced hours compensation coming from transfer companies in comparison to the usual practice, it was possible to prevent many reductions and the increase of unemployment in some parts of the German economy. Therefore, it can be spoken of its countercyclical effect. In a particularly intensive way transfer companies have been created in industries influencing the size of the German export. However, the decisions of the German Federal Labour Market Authority about the approval of funding these activities create controversies due to the lack of an objective measure of their own activities.
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