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Dokumentarzyści i krytyk. Zygmunt Kałużyński a dokumentaliści „nowej zmiany”

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Jazdon M.
Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
|
2017
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vol. 20
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issue 29
15-46
EN
The article offers the analysis of how Zygmunt Kałużyński, the film critic of Polityka weekly magazine, described and stigmatized documentary films by Krzysztof Kieślowski, Tomasz Zygadło, Grzegorz Królikiewicz and Krzysztof Gradowski presented at the Cracow short film festival in 1971. Kałużyński criticized and mocked the aesthetics of the Polish “new wave” documentary cinema in a series of articles published in Spring and Summer of 1971. He presented films by brave and talented directors, contradicting the current social and political situation, as the unreflective imitation of the banal television documentary style based on in-front-of-the-camera interviews. The author compares Kałużyński’s proceedings to actions of a British journalist Robert Pitmann described by Tadeusz Różewicz in his essay A Journalist and the Poet. Pitmann conducted a sneering interview with T.S. Eliot for Sunday Express in 1958 and Różewicz comments on the possible effects of his text for its readers.
PL
The Documentarians and The Critic, Zygmunt Kałużyński and Documentary Filmmakers of „The New Change” The article offers the analysis of how Zygmunt Kałużyński, the film critic of Polityka weekly magazine, described and stigmatized documentary films by Krzysztof Kieślowski, Tomasz Zygadło, Grzegorz Królikiewicz and Krzysztof Gradowski presented at the Cracow short film festival in 1971. Kałużyński criticized and mocked the aesthetics of the Polish “new wave” documentary cinema in a series of articles published in Spring and Summer of 1971. He presented films by brave and talented directors, contradicting the current social and political situation, as the unreflective imitation of the banal television documentary style based on in-front-of-the-camera interviews. The author compares Kałużyński’s proceedings to actions of a British journalist Robert Pitmann described by Tadeusz Różewicz in his essay A Journalist and the Poet. Pitmann conducted a sneering interview with T.S. Eliot for Sunday Express in 1958 and Różewicz comments on the possible effects of his text for its readers.
2
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Reportaże z pamięci. O rekonstruowaniu rzeczywistości minionej w filmach dokumentalnych Mariana Marzyńskiego

100%
Jazdon M.
Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
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2012
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vol. 11
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issue 20
65-74
EN
The article focuses on autobiographical films by Polish-American documentary filmmaker whose most personal project is Never Forget to Lie (2012) about Jews rescued from the Warsaw ghetto in their early childhood. Marzyński is a Holocaust survivor himself and a television reporter who emigrated from communist Poland in 1969. He has been gradually transforming the style of the documentary films he made in the West to make them more and more personal by referring to his biography. Marzyński’s cinéma vérité techniques include initiating emotional in-front-of-the-camera interviews with Holocaust survivors and witnesses of History in the meaningful surrounding of historical places. In this way, the filmmaker makes the architecture, landscape and personal objects “speak” about the past or uses them to stimulate the memory of the interviewed people. The only quoted film material, or found footage, comes from his own archives, where he has been collecting his released documentaries together with never used scenes and takes.
PL
Reports from Remembering. Marian Marzyński’s Documentary Reconstructions of the Past Reality The article focuses on autobiographical films by Polish-American documentary filmmaker whose most personal project is Never Forget to Lie (2012) about Jews rescued from the Warsaw ghetto in their early childhood. Marzyński is a Holocaust survivor himself and a television reporter who emigrated from communist Poland in 1969. He has been gradually transforming the style of the documentary films he made in the West to make them more and more personal by referring to his biography. Marzyński’s cinéma vérité techniques include initiating emotional in-front-of-the-camera interviews with Holocaust survivors and witnesses of History in the meaningful surrounding of historical places. In this way, the filmmaker makes the architecture, landscape and personal objects “speak” about the past or uses them to stimulate the memory of the interviewed people. The only quoted film material, or found footage, comes from his own archives, where he has been collecting his released documentaries together with never used scenes and takes.
3
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Czerwiec 1956 wiosną 1981. Poznań 1956 (1981) Tadeusza Litowczenki i Mirosława Kwiecińskiego

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Jazdon M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
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2016
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issue 29
129-146
EN
The article presents the making of the first documentary film depicting the traumatic events of the anticommunist uprising in Poznań in June 1956 as well as the difficult fate of the documentary after it had been completed. Its authors, Tadeusz Litowczenko and Mirosław Kwieciński, composed their Poznań 1956  (1981) of two interwoven narrative lines. Archive photographs with off screen commentary make the first narrative line while cinema-verite-like interviews with the participants of historical events make the other. The film analysis is aimed to underline the formal means employed in the film to present the opposing sites of the conflict. It also focuses on the historical context from the times when film was being made in the so called ‘festival of Solidarity movement’ in the early 1980s.
4
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Aktorzy i Szekspir. O pewnym motywie w polskim filmie

100%
Jazdon M.
Przestrzenie Teorii
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2019
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issue 32
15-44
EN
Jazdon Mikołaj, Aktorzy i Szekspir. O pewnym motywie w polskim filmie [Actors and Shakespeare or About a Certain Motif in Polish Film]. „Przestrzenie Teorii” 32. Poznań 2019, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 15–44. ISSN 1644-6763. DOI 10.14746/pt.2019.32.1. This article deals with various references to William Shakespeare’s plays in Polish postwar films, both theatrical and television ones. There are no Polish film adaptations of Shakespeare’s works except for television dramas made for the Television Theater on state TV. There are, however, Polish films (mainly from 1962–1989) about actors and performing arts with fragments and motifs from Shakespeare plays. Their characters are often actors deprived by fate (or History) of the chance to play a Shakespeare role on stage and forced to play it in life instead.
5
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Część zamiast całości czyli sposób na cenzorów. "Szkoła podstawowa" Tomasza Zygadły – wzorcowy film kina „nowej zmiany”

100%
Jazdon M.
Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
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2014
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vol. 15
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issue 24
281-286
EN
Mikołaj Jazdon in his article presents an analysis and interpretation of a documentary that became a “trademark” of the young generation’s cinema from the decade of the Cinema of Moral Anxiety in Poland. Zygadło filmed the social behaviour of students in a Warsaw primary school to depict the fatal influence of the communist system on Polish youth, who were encouraged to tattle on each other. The method of portraying a social group from one place, as in Zygadłos Primary School, became popular among other documentary filmmakers from his generation. They began to shoot films about institutions like factories, schools or hospitals, focusing on the social relations between the people working there. These films were intentionally made as metaphors of Poland in the 1970s and of the rules operating in a country ruled by the Communist Party. The auteur strategy of depicting reality in a “pars pro toto” manner allowed documentary filmmakers to outwit the Party censors.
PL
Mikołaj Jazdon in his article presents an analysis and interpretation of a documentary that became a “trademark” of the young generation’s cinema from the decade of the Cinema of Moral Anxiety in Poland. Zygadło filmed the social behaviour of students in a Warsaw primary school to depict the fatal influence of the communist system on Polish youth, who were encouraged to tattle on each other. The method of portraying a social group from one place, as in Zygadłos Primary School, became popular among other documentary filmmakers from his generation. They began to shoot films about institutions like factories, schools or hospitals, focusing on the social relations between the people working there. These films were intentionally made as metaphors of Poland in the 1970s and of the rules operating in a country ruled by the Communist Party. The auteur strategy of depicting reality in a “pars pro toto” manner allowed documentary filmmakers to outwit the Party censors.  
6
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O adaptacji filmowej opowiadania Zofii Nałkowskiej "Przy torze kolejowym"

100%
Jazdon M.
Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
|
2009
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vol. 7
|
issue 13-14
141-149
EN
Andrzej Brzozowski directed a live action short subject based on Zofia Nałkowska’s short story Aside of the Railway in 1963. The film was banned by the communist authorities and presented for the first time as late as in 1992. This is a story of runaway Jewish woman who jumped out of a train aiming at a concentration camp somewhere inPoland occupied by he Nazis. With a heavily wounded knee she lies aside of the railway looking at Polish countrymen who gathered near her and see no chance to help her as they fear of the Nazis. When she ask them not to carry her to Germans’ one of the onlookers shots her on the spot. Brzozowski made numerous modifications to present the tragic situation from the short story in film. One of them is the change of the point of view. In film it is the POV of the wounded woman, when in the short story it is presented by a witness who told the writer about the events only after the war. Brzozowski also changed the time of events from spring in the story to snowy winter in the film and focused on two main characters – the Jewish woman and the man who seemed most determined to help her and shot her in the end.
PL
About the Film Adaptation of Zofia Nałkowska’ short story “Aside of the Railway” Andrzej Brzozowski directed a live action short subject based on Zofia Nałkowska’s short story Aside of the Railway in 1963. The film was banned by the communist authorities and presented for the first time as late as in 1992. This is a story of runaway Jewish woman who jumped out of a train aiming at a concentration camp somewhere inPoland occupied by he Nazis. With a heavily wounded knee she lies aside of the railway looking at Polish countrymen who gathered near her and see no chance to help her as they fear of the Nazis. When she ask them not to carry her to Germans’ one of the onlookers shots her on the spot. Brzozowski made numerous modifications to present the tragic situation from the short story in film. One of them is the change of the point of view. In film it is the POV of the wounded woman, when in the short story it is presented by a witness who told the writer about the events only after the war. Brzozowski also changed the time of events from spring in the story to snowy winter in the film and focused on two main characters – the Jewish woman and the man who seemed most determined to help her and shot her in the end.
7
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To film an inconceivable reality: the manifesto of the young Kieślowski

100%
Jazdon M.
Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
|
2018
|
vol. 24
|
issue 33
155-166
EN
In his master’s thesis, Documentary Film and Reality, Krzysztof Kieślowski dealt with a number of problems that turned out to play a vital role in his future film career, and its documentary period in particular. This range of topics includes the concept of ‘the dramaturgy of reality’, one of the methods for factual filmmaking he intended to put into practice, but also such ideas as the relation between film and literature, between documentary film and ethics, and the difference between reportage and documentary filmmaking. These concepts had an influence on his documentary filmmaking andled him to develop other concepts and methods for documentary filmmaking. From the perspective of Kieślowski’s creative oeuvre, the thesis Documentary Film and Reality reads as a manifesto by the young filmmaker.
8
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Zagłada miasta. Warszawa w Pianiście Romana Polańskiego

100%
Jazdon M.
Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
|
2013
|
vol. 12
|
issue 21
77-95
EN
This article is an analysis of Roman Polanski’ The Pianist, focused on presenting how the city space in this film, both its exteriors and interiors, makes it a story of Warsaw during the Second World War. The gradual destruction of the city is presented in two supplementary fashions. On the one hand, there is as a quasi-documentary reconstruction of the past based on literary (Władysław Szpilman’s diary) and visual (archive photographs and films) material, while on the other, there is a symbolic narration, where particular places and events bear hidden meanings. Next to Chopin and his music, the piano, interiors and city walls, the most meaningful symbol in the film is a monument of Jesus Christ carrying the cross, a statue standing in front of The Church of the Holy Cross in Warsaw, a motif that appears in the second shot of the Pianist and returns three more times during the film.
PL
The Annihilation of a City. Warsaw in Roman Polanski’s The Pianist This article is an analysis of Roman Polanski’ The Pianist, focused on presenting how the city space in this film, both its exteriors and interiors, makes it a story of Warsaw during the Second World War. The gradual destruction of the city is presented in two supplementary fashions. On the one hand, there is as a quasi-documentary reconstruction of the past based on literary (Władysław Szpilman’s diary) and visual (archive photographs and films) material, while on the other, there is a symbolic narration, where particular places and events bear hidden meanings. Next to Chopin and his music, the piano, interiors and city walls, the most meaningful symbol in the film is a monument of Jesus Christ carrying the cross, a statue standing in front of The Church of the Holy Cross in Warsaw, a motif that appears in the second shot of the Pianist and returns three more times during the film.
9
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Film o sprawie Dreyfusa

100%
Jazdon M.
Polonistyka. Innowacje
|
2021
|
issue 13
91-108
EN
The author analyzes Roman Polański's J’accuse (2019), a film about the Dreyfus affair, carefully examining selected movie scenes and sequences, showing how the director presents and exposes the topic of anti-Semitism, its roots in the military elite and part of the French society at the end of the 19th century. The case of the false accusation and conviction of an innocent officer of Jewish origin was shown in the film as a ominous foreshadowing of the coming century marked by the hecatomb of the Holocaust and earlier by the slaughter of millions of human lives on the fronts of The Great War. Polański's film alludes to both of these historical events. In the article, the author indicates references to other films in Polański's movie, not only those dealing with the Dreyfus affair and the famous article by Emil Zola, entitled J'accuse.
PL
Autor analizuje w swym artykule film Romana Polańskiego Oficer i szpieg, film o sprawie Dreyfusa, przyglądając się uważnie wybranym scenom i sekwencjom, pokazując, w jaki sposób reżyser przedstawia i eksponuje temat antysemityzmu, jego zakorzenienie w elitach wojskowych i części społeczeństwa Francji końca XIX wieku. Sprawa fałszywego oskarżenia i skazania niewinnego oficera żydowskiego pochodzenia została pokazana w filmie jako złowróżbna zapowiedź nadchodzącego stulecia naznaczonego hekatombą Holokaustu, a wcześniej rzezią milionów ludzkich istnień na frontach I wojny światowej. W filmie Polańskiego pojawiają się aluzje do obu tych wydarzeń z historii. Autor wskazuje w artykule na obecne w dziele Polańskiego odniesienia do innych dzieł filmowych, nie tylko tych podejmujących temat sprawy Dreyfusa i słynnego artykułu Emila Zoli J’accuse.
10

Starring: Photos. On Polish iconographic films made from photos

100%
Jazdon M.
Kwartalnik Filmowy
|
2013
|
issue Special Issue - Polish Film Scholars on Polish Cinema
140-158
EN
Short iconographic films made from photos constitute a separate trend of the Polish school of documentary. It has been expanding with new titles over several dozen years. "Fleischer's Album" (1962) by Janusz Majewski and "A Working Day of Gestapo Man Schmidt" (1963) have taught Polish documentary filmmakers how to explore the possibilities of this form of film art. The two documentaries played a pivotal role in paving the way for a whole series of films based on pictures taken by the German troops and officials from World War 2, which presented the private look of the Nazis on the war and its victims. The subject matter of films made from pictures was gradually broadening. These films told the story of the Holocaust and of lack of the victims' look on the Holocaust, embalmed in photography. Films on the Polish resistance movement were also made, with particular emphasis on the Warsaw Uprising. The turn of the 19 th and 20 th century became the subject of documentaries at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s. Pictures used in almost all of Kazimierz Karabasz's films are regarded as a medium enriching the documentary with a new reality dimension that cannot be captured by the camera. His films, "Summer in Żabno" (1977) and "Portrait in a Drop of Water" (1997), show that films made from photos are perfectly suitable for depicting the present day.
11
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Kieślowski Revisited (& Re-watched)

63%
Jazdon M., Pławuszewski P.
Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
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2018
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vol. 24
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issue 33
5-8
EN
Mikołaj Jazdon, Piotr Pławuszewski, Kieślowski Revisited (& Re-watched). “Images” vol. XXIV, no. 33, Poznań 2018. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 5–8. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2018.33.01.
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