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  1. 155 Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

  2. 62 Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)

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  5. 1 Pieniądze i Więź

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  1. 9 2011

  2. 18 2010

  3. 37 2009

  4. 56 2008

  5. 26 2007

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  1. 8 Gockowski J.

  2. 5 Czarnocka M.

  3. 4 Khramov Y.

  4. 4 Malitsky B.

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1
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The Rationality of Science on the Meta-metalevel

100%
Zurkowska G.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2008
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vol. 44
|
issue 3-4
345-362
EN
In this paper, the authoressI defends the thesis that it is impossible to resolve the problem of rationality of science on a meta-metalevel, which practically means that the debate between classical and non-classical conceptions of rationality is unable to solve the problem but generates new paradoxes. Instead of going endlessly 'up', it would be better to go 'down' and ask, if philosophers of science properly recognized the object level on which scientific practices took place. If the debate between so called classical and non-classical conceptions of rationality of science took the form of radical antinomy, it means that it would not be epistemically important anymore and it could not be continued in this form. If so, it is time for a new solution, a new Copernican turn.
2
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Chaosensology

100%
Klonowski W.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2004
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vol. 40
|
issue 3(161)
431-440
EN
'Chaosensology' is a harmonoius entirety of natural philosophy outlook from the author's physicist point of view. It has, however, nothing in common with neopositivistic physicalism. It has its roots in physics of nonlinear dynamic systems that introduce such notions as 'deterministic chaos', 'strange attractor', 'selforganization'. Chaosensology considers Universe as a supersystem moving in the infinite strange Attractor that may be identified with the all-embracing God. The view that our Universe shows some fractal structure is a consequence of author's anti-hamletism and is also strictly connected with deterministic chaos theory since strange attractor does have fractal properties. It may exist more universe-supersystems but the Universe that we experience through our senses armed with physical instuments. As there are religions that consider God to be kind of Superbeing without anthropomorphic features, like primeval Chaos in Greek mythology, so when scientists write about Nature (with capital 'N') trhere is practically no difference if they call upon some Superbeing. Chaosensology enables a new look upon relation between science and religion, as well as upon sciences, from psychology of feelings to economy and organization of social systems.
3
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IMPERFECTNESS IN FORMULATION OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES IN DOCTORAL WORKS (Niedoskonalosci w formulowaniu hipotez badawczych w pracach doktorskich)

100%
Wanat T.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2010
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vol. 46
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issue 1(183)
27-41
EN
The paper deals with formulation of hypotheses in research works. In the first of two parts of the paper, the meaning of the term hypothesis and its place in research is shown. In the second, a typology of imperfectness in formulation of hypotheses is presented. Three main forms of imperfectness are singled out. These forms are discussed with use of examples chosen from doctoral theses.
4
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Science and Technology (S&T) Statistics (General Outline and Plans for the Future)

100%
Niedbalska G.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2005
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vol. 41
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issue 1(163)
63-75
EN
The article presents the new system of statistical surveys on science and technology (S&T), implemented in Poland since beginning of the transition period on the basis of international methodological standards. A general overview of the current and planned international collective work aimed at developing a new generation of S&T indicators is also given. In Poland, the S&T statistics are collected by the S & T Section of the GUS (Central Statistical Office). In recent years considerable efforts were made to extend the scope of the S&T statistics and improve its quality and international comparability. In this field GUS complies with OECD and EU methodology and legislation, i.e. with internationally agreed recomendations contained in the so-called 'Frascati Family Manuals' and with the new EU legislation adopted in 2003/2004 (Decision No 1608/2003/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology). Some fields of science and technology statistics in Poland, especially R&D and innovation surveys, have very long and rich tradition going back to the early 1960s. This traditions is now blossoming, against the background of a rise in interest in science and technology problems among Polish society and a steadily increasing demand for science and technology statistical data.
5
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Cultural Character of Great Changes in Science

100%
Kokowski M.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 1(175)
83-102
EN
The paper discusses the title issue of 'the cultural character of great changes in science' in two stages. In the first, preliminary stage, the 15 general theses are introduced, which are, in the opinion of the author of the paper, useful in a description and an explanation of great changes in science. These theses stem from the achievements of many disciplines, such as history of philosophy, history of religious believes, history of ideas, history of science, philosophy of culture, history of culture, cultural anthropology and sociology of culture. In the second stage, the paper analyses several cases of great changes in science from ancient times to nowadays, showing an apparent - thanks to the historical analysis - a close connection between science and other parts of culture, such as technology, art (such as literature), philosophy, religion and theology.
6
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Ethos of Scholars: In Search for a Definition

100%
Wasiewski G.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 3(169)
399-413
EN
Discussions concerning current condition of science require reference to the category of scholars' ethos. This motions is very ambiguous and thus any attempts to define it require multilevel analyse. This article signalises some of the problems connected with ethos. Referring to classical literature the author describes the notion itself, as well as its components, stressing especially category of moral norms. This enables far more detailed description of scholars' ethos, with involvement of the category of group ethos. Divagations concerning the history of scholars ethos, with the use of category of ethos group. Divagations concerning history of scholars ethos finish with description of its current functions.
7
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The Arts as a Subject of Studies

100%
Kisiel P.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 3(169)
391-397
EN
The paper presents analysis of two cognitive approaches towards the realm of art. The first of them approaches art as including self-purposeful value and is characteristic for the science of art. The other characteristic first of all to social sciences (history, psychology, sociology, economics), approaches art instrumentally, as a source of knowledge about researched subject. To the end, the interdependent character and necessity of both these approaches is addressed: research into art involves among others social sciences whereas social research supports studies of art.
8
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Revolution or Rebirth? Comments on 'The Forgotten Revolution' by Lucio Russo

100%
Krol Z.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2007
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vol. 43
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issue 2
273-285
EN
This article presents some basic facts concerning ancient Greek mathematics which contradict many theses of 'The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn'. The disastrous and distorting negation of existence of early Greek mathematics and its scientific achievements is commonly accepted in some related studies, e.g. on the Pythagoreans. The argument concerns also some problems in modern science and mathematics.
9
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Bruno Latour's 'Anthropology of Science' in the Light of Polemics

100%
Binczyk E.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2004
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vol. 40
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issue 1(159)
3-22
EN
The article presents an original research programme of science that is contained in the actor-network theory by Bruno Latour. The origins of Latour's position can be found in the tradition of sociology of scientific knowledge, but French thinker deeply radicalizes and modifies its postulates. The principle of the symmetry of David Bloor's Strong Programme of sociology of knowledge is transformed into the principle of generalized symmetry. One of the aims of this paper is to stress, on the basis of discussions and polemics, the points of disagreement between Latour and other thinkers of sociology of scientific knowledge, like: D. Bloor, H. M. Collins, S. Yearley, and S Schaffer. The selected differences between the assumptions of Latour's 'anthropology of science', philosophy of science and traditional history of science are shown as well. It is also pointed out that Latour's programme of research can be described as one of the trends of the so-called new history of science. The paper depicts only methodological postulates of Latour's standpoint. It does not analyze in detail neither all central theses of actor-network theory and all its assumptions, nor the languages in which this theory is formulated. This subject is rather extensive and therefore it could be developed in the future studies.
10
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SEMANTIC MODELS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF EMPIRICAL SCIENCES AFTER A HALF-CENTURY.PART I. PHILOSOPHICAL DOUBTS (Modele semantyczne w filozofii nauk empirycznych po pól wieku. Czesc I. Filozoficzne watpliwosci)

100%
Czarnocka M.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2010
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vol. 46
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issue 2
205-229
EN
The paper analyses the semantic theories of empirical sciences, mainly their newest, structuralist version from the philosophical perspective. It is proved that structuralism interprets in various ways its fundamental categories: of model, of empirical theory, and of satisfaction relation. Some of the interpretations are inconsistent with the initial basis, that is, with the logical model theory. In constructing the conception of empirical theory, structuralists transgresses in a special way the logical model theory.
11
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Whether Alexandrian Scholar is a Scientists?

100%
Sady W.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2007
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vol. 43
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issue 2(172)
293-302
EN
Russo claims that our picture of the so called Alexandrian science is wrong. In the 3rd and 2nd century B.C. in Alexandria scientific researches in contemporary meaning of the word were conducted, but almost all books written by hellenistic scientists were lost. The received picture is shaped by books written in the period of Roman Empire by creativeless commentators. In author's opinion Russo's claim is not suitably justified. He applies his own demarcation criterion: what decides of the scientific character of a cognitive enterprise is the systematicity of theoretical investigation and of experimental researches. The appraisal he is arriving at is that in the 3rd and 2nd century B.C. ideas of great (scientific) potential were created but they were not applied in the systematic way because social conditions were not propitious enough.
12
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Has Innovation Policy an Influence on Innovation ?

100%
Jasinski A. H.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2004
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vol. 40
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issue 1(159)
41-52
EN
The main aim of the paper is to analyze interdependencies between public innovation policy and technological innovation in Poland in 1989-2001. The following problems are presented: a general picture of innovativeness in the Polish economy, total expenditures on R&D in 1989-2001, changes in public innovation policy (in a form of survey of all major government documents concerning science and technology), interdependencies in the analyzed area, and recommendations towards the policy.
13
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University: Common or Elite Institution?

100%
Jalowiecki B.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 4(170)
539-547
EN
The present paper deals with problem of the future of universities regarded by the author as the most important element of higher education; as such they should play an outstanding role. Therefore, university should not be a high school producing plenty of specialists but a place where the country's intellectual elites are educated.
14
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Praxiology on the Map of Disciplines

100%
Gasparski W.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 3(169)
309-315
EN
The paper overviews the praxiology positions among sciences (studies), namely as a: science of functions (Bourdeau), the most general science on techniques of human action (Espinas), general practice, theory of deeds, general methodology, theory of efficient action (Kotarbinski), foundation of economics (Mises), philosophy of action (Bunge), one of the ergological sciences (Zieleniewski). Next, aspects and methods of praxiological research are characterized. Finally, a conclusion is offered that praxiology is situated between logic and ethics, for it gives epistemological foundations to the concept of reflective practitioner (Schön) pointing out the axiological context of human action.
15
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Rationality and the Sciences in the Metaphilosophical Perspective

100%
Majdanski S.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 3-4
331-344
EN
The paper addresses changes in the category of rationality and related categories. It seems obvious that the concept of rationality has to refer to logic (especially that the program 'to apply logic to philosophical problems' has become a Polish tradition). Rationality, logicalness, or discursiveness are frequently opposed to intuitiveness or 'intellectiveness'. The latter in particular enables us to know the philosophical principia (as they were classically understood) and, as a consequence, to attain scientific knowledge, which is ultimately rooted in philosophy. Intuition is distinct from discourse, but is not separate from it. There is a dynamic bond between intuition and discourse. Classically, intuition gives us philosophical knowledge whereas discourse, embodied in logic, extends it to all other knowledge. Modernity replaces the intuition-discourse pair with the empiria-discourse pair, referring it to knowledge in the natural sciences. The ideal of certain knowledge, 'episteme' remains in classical philosophy, whereas with respect to the sciences there has been a 'canonization' of hypothetical knowledge, 'doxa', formerly not regarded as solid knowledge. In philosophical thinking, there often is a 'dialectic', an inter-categorial dynamism, a seeming categorial perverseness. This manifests itself in the ambivalence of some terms (a dynamic 'enantiosemia'); such categories as 'belief' and 'evidence' are telling cases here. Mostly in Western culture we can witness how intuitive thinking has turned into discourse, reaching the extremes of cognitive mechanicism (we have even had an utopian logicism); less frequently, there is conversion into intuition of what is discursive, rational. In brief, on the one hand there are the works of the rational and reasoning mind, and on the other hand there are the works of the intuitive, understanding mind. The tendency favouring discourse is dominant, but intuition in philosophy is essentially irreducible. In the language of scholasticism, one could speak of a dual transcendentale: intelligibile/rationabile.
16
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THE METHOD OF ENSLAVEMENT OF ACADEMIC MILIEU

100%
Hubner P.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2004
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vol. 40
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issue 4(162)
541-555
EN
In the paper, the origin of methods of totalitarian pressure on academic milieu, formed in time of Poland's occupation is presented. The comparison between repression of occupational authorities and scholar's attitudes and mentality is shown. In these circumstances, the idealisation od academic science appeared on one hand and existential fight, forcing coping with conditions under occupation on the other. The after-war policies of communist regime were implemented in two stages: of 'mild revolution' and 'ideological offensive'. Both these stages forced specific methods of academic milieu enslavement, first of all of 'opening the science' and gradual destruction of connections inside the milieu. The instruments of science policy proved to be useful for the regime: personnel and financial policy and legislation. Propaganda activities were most visible, but it was the pressure through bureaucratic institutions that proved to be much more efficient. The main part of the paper consists of presentation of methods of enslavement of academic milieu used by authorities of the party and the state and of scholar's reactions, including splendid isolation and policy of 'saving the substance'
17
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Platonism in Mathematics and the Platonism in Physical Science

100%
Krol Z.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2005
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vol. 41
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issue 1(163)
37-46
EN
Mathematical platonism has become an internal problem in mathematics which results in some strictly mathematical methods of the mathematical enquiry. These methods often tend to display not quite self-conscious treatment of the mathematical reality as given and already present. The mathematical platonism is not an innocent attitude and not merely a psychological add-on to the process of science creation but should become formulated explicity, especially in physical science. The presence of platonism in physics is briefly described and some consequences of the platonism are shown.
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Praxiology as a Pattern for Social Engineering Theory

100%
Gockowski J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 4(170)
471-484
EN
The author states that (a) political engineering is the most important part of social engineering; (b) the cognitive fundaments of social engineering are: praxiology, history, and anthropology. The rules of political engineering are also addressed: (a) those that are used in various space-temporal conditions of human mutual relations; (b) those that are applied in certain periods; (c) those that appear in some political games with use of social engineering. It is also stated that true 'homo politicus' is an political engineer. To the end the importance of the 'Methodological note' (W.I. Thomas and F. Znaniecki) included in the book 'Chlop polski w Europie i Ameryce' is addressed.
19
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Wojciech Gasparski's Input to the Theory of Planning

100%
Doroszewski J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 4(170)
519-522
EN
The paper consists of three parts. In the first of them, some general characteristics of 'project-knowing' ideas of Wojciech Gasparski are addressed, in the second, their use in some practical applications is presented. The third part shows perspectives of the afore-mentioned ideas as seen by their author.
20
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Cartesian Metaphysics as a Philosophy of Physics

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Chlewicki M.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2007
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vol. 43
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issue 1(171)
63-75
EN
The aim of the paper is to present and stress the role of Cartesian metaphysics in establishing the bases of modern physics. It is usually undervalued, that the originality of Cartesian idea rests on the fact that the French philosopher approaches metaphysics not traditionally, as a theory of reality, but as a theory referring to the bases of physics, being is fact the theory of reality itself. In this perspective, such basic metaphysical issues as the problem of God or soul receive completely untraditional sense. In Cartesian system God is necessary not as a base of reality but as a guarrantor of truthfulness of our geometric, mechanistic knowledge of the world. The soul, however, if it indeed is a serious issue here, it is certainly not because of its immortality or substantial separation from the body but only as mind which is a place of formation of the above-mentioned picture of reality. Definitely, however, more important issue for the philosophy of physics is the problem of God and God's veracity. Referring the theological argument while searching for bases of veracity of physical recognition Descartes created not as much positive metaphysical idea as he rather gave an expression of his deep doubts in the question of certitude and veracity of physics, doubts which couldnot be cancelled by modern physics. At least this look at his philosophy seems to be at least more interesting from today's point of view.
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