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PL
Recenzja książki: Piotr Stankiewicz, Sztuka życia według stoików. Jak żyć mądrze, dobrze i szczęśliwie, WAB, Warszawa 2014, ss. 526.
EN
In the philosophy of Ernst Cassirer art is one of the symbolic forms of understanding of reality. Each of them – myth, religion, language, art, history, science – is not only a part of human culture but also a kind of interpretation of the world. It means that there are different worlds – seen and unedrstood by each of the symbolic forms. The main difference between art and science (for example) is that the former relates with intuition, the other with logical concepts and a process of abstraction. Cassirer wrote that science uses conceptualization, but art is founded upon a scheme of perceptualization. The author of the text tries to show which meaning is hidden under these views.
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EN
Cassirer thought that religion is one of the main fundamental rule of a human society and cultural order, mainly because it is able to guarantee moral laws being the main grounds of our civilization. But religion could not have been existed if it had not been preceded by mythical thinking. The myth is a real condition of religion. Religious interpretation is permeated by mythical metaphors, but the border between them is difficult to identify.
EN
Cassirer was nearly always concerned with technical epistemological problems and philosophy of science, but in the last decades of his life he turned his attention to the history of ideas and culture. He was aware that culture also involves other aspects, such as mythical thinking, social needs to build up an effective and just society, as well as artistic views. At that time he began to perceive culture as a symbolic equilibrium of many dimensions growing out of man’s spiritual activity: myth, religion, language, art, science are conceived of as specific functions of consciousness. Cassirer expressed such ideas earlier, before he left Germany; for example in his work Freiheit und Form (1916) and Philosophie der symbolischen Formen (the 1920s); but after 1933 his philosophy of culture was becoming more conscious of the dangers against freedom and democracy. Cassirer’s philosophy of culture can be seen as an attempt at understanding what it means to be human, what freedom and true society are.
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