Recenzja książki: Erika Manders, Coining Images of Power. Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage A.D. 193––284, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden–Boston–Tokyo 2012 [=Impact of Empire, 15], 363 s.
Recenzja książki: Bernhard Woytek, Die Reichsprägung des Kaisers Traianus (98–117). Moneta Imperii Romani 14. 2 Bände (Veröff entlichungen der Numismatischen Kommission 48 = Denkschrift en der Philosophisch-Historische Klasse der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft en, 387), Wien 2010, 682 s. ogółem, 156 tablic, 29,7x21 cm.
REC. KSIĄŻKI The Roman Imperial Coinage, volume II, Part 1: from AD 69–96. Vespasian to Domitian, by I.A. Carradice and T.V. Buttrey (M. Amandry & A. Burnett eds.). Second fully revised edition, Spink&Son Ltd, London 2007, 404 s., 160 tablic.
The paper analyses all early Severan coinage commemorating the ideas of concord (concordia) in the state, in particular the concepts of marital concord (concordia felix), perpetual concord (perpetua concordia) and eternal concord (concordia aeterna ), against the backdrop of the simultaneously propagated idea of aeternitas Imperii as well as the ideology and policy of succession of the ruling house.
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The paper analyses all early Severan coinage commemorating the ideas of concord (concordia) in the state, in particular the concepts of marital concord (concordia felix), perpetual concord (perpetua concordia) and eternal concord (concordia aeterna ), against the backdrop of the simultaneously propagated idea of aeternitas Imperii as well as the ideology and policy of succession of the ruling house.
Although the first unambiguous original proofs of the aeternitas Augusti idea come from the Flavian dynasty, its origin lies in the period of the late Republic and Principate. Aeternitas was a deified abstraction, which expressed the state the emperor could obtain as a result of deification. It was also an attribute of the emperor, the property of his divine nature. Analysis of the places and contexts of the occurrence of the eternity phenomenon with respect to the emperor in preserved sources suggests that the ideas of the state and the emperor’s eternity were complementary and mutually conditioned.The emperor’s aeternitas was declared to emphasize his religious and political role in thestate, in the process of granting him everlastingness. It was discussed in the context ofconcerns about his health and safety, particularly in the context of neutralizing plots toassassinate him, and in the context of the implications to the policy of the throne. Despite the fact that proclaiming the emperor’s aeternitas in the Julio-Claudian dynasty had noofficial character, the number and diversity of its original evidences prove the significantpopularity of this idea in society.
Recenzja książki: Elżbieta Makowiecka, Sztuka Rzymu od Augusta do Konstantyna, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2010,216 s., 194 ilustracje
Liberalitas was one of the most important forms of social activities of the Roman emperors. In quantitative terms, it is also one of the five most important imperial virtues. It appeared on coins as Liberalitas Augusti, which gave this virtue an additional, divine dimension. The first Empress to depict the idea of imperial generosity on the coins issued on her behalf was Julia Domna. In this respect, her liberalitas coins mark a breakthrough in the exposition of this imperial virtue. The well-known female liberalitas coin issues, or imperial issues with empresses’ portraits, date back to the third century and clearly articulate the liberalitas, both iconographically and literally, through the legend on the reverse of the coin. Other coins, issued on behalf of the emperors (mainly medallions), accentuate in some cases (Julia Mamaea, Salonina) the personal and active participation of women from the imperial house in congiarium-type activities. The issues discussed and analysed, which appeared on behalf of the emperors or the imperial women – with a clear emphasis on the role of women – undoubtedly demonstrate the feminine support for the emperor’s social policy towards the people of Rome, including the various social undertakings of incumbent emperors, to whom they were related. They prove their active involvement and support for the image of the princeps created by the emperors through the propaganda of virtues (such as liberalitas). The dynastic policy of the emperors, in which the empresses played a key role, was also of considerable importance.
Recenzja książki: Franziska Schmidt-Dick, Typenatlas der römischen Reichsprägung von Augustus bis Aemilianus. Erster Band: Weibliche Darstellungen. (Veröffentlichungen derNumismatischen Kommission 38 = Denkschriften der Philosophisch-Historische Klasse derÖsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 309 = Numismatische Zeitschrift, herausgegeben vonder Österreichischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft, 110), Wien 2002; Franziska Schmidt-Dick, Typenatlas der römischen Reichsprägung von Augustus bis Aemilianus. Zweiter Band: Geographische und männliche Darstellungen (Veröffentlichungen der Numismatischen Kommission 55 = Denkschriften der Philosophisch--Historische Klasse der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 428), Wien 2011
The paper analyzes the typology of imagery of Aeternitas in the coinage (from Vespasian to the Tetrarchy) propagating the concept of emperor’s eternity. The iconography of Aeternitas is not homogenous, being characterised by an abundance and diversity of motifs and representations. One thing that would not change, a common denominator of sorts, was the figure of a woman in a long dress. Her attributes, however, did fluctuate and depending on their kind symbolised either cosmic eternity or renewable time (phoenix). Aeternitas personified by a woman in long dress, shown in contrapposto, holding a radiant sun and moon was introduced on the reverses of coins in the Flavian period and continued to appear until Hadrian. During that time, the astral attributes would be exchanged for other devices, but although these insignia changed over time, the figure in a long tunic remained, as a permanent and originally Roman element in the iconography of female personifications of the Roman Empire.
The article is concerned with the title aeternus Augustus and its position in Roman imperial titulature at the end of the third and during the fourth century A.D. Modern authors tend to rate this title among the so-called unofficial imperial titulature, mainly due to the fact that it served to admire the emperor. The paper discusses forms and methods of addressing the emperor who was determined by the appellation aeternus Augustus. The analysis of these enables to appoint, out of the emperors of the discussed period, those few who were officially specified as aeterni.
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