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  1. 2 Historia i Polityka

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  2. 1 2009

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  1. 2 Kiełbasiewicz A.

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Aleksander Kołłontaj w Norwegii (1915-1917)

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Kiełbasiewicz A.
Historia i Polityka
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2009
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issue 1(8)
101-114
EN
The aim of this article is to presentthe political activities of Aleksandra Kollon­tai during her stay in Norway 1915-1917. Aleksandra was born on April 1, 1872 in Sankt Petersburg to an aristocratic family. At age twenty-one, she married her cousin - a czarist generał, Vladimir Kollontai. However, they soon separated and she de- cided to go to Western Europę to study economics so as to become a radical journalist. During her stay in Europę, she came into contactwith the leftist Marxists. She also engaged herself in thebuildingof a working women’s movementboth in Western Eu­ropę and her homeland. Conseąuently, Aleksandra had to flee Russia in 1908. Next eight years she lived in exile. In 1915, Kollontai moved to Oslo after being expelled from Sweden for participation in anti-military propaganda. During her stay in Norway, she was an active representative of the Bolsheviks. Aleksandra was promoting Lenin’s theories among socialist youth, was in touch with one of the most prominent social activists, Mar­tin Tranm^l, and took an active part in the Norwegian women’s movement. Moreover, thanks to her influence, Scandinavian representatives supported Lenin’s fraction connected with the revolutionary internationalism during the conference in Zimmerwald in 1915. Furthermore, she also played a crucial role in the re-opening of the northern smuggling route thatled through harbors in Vard0 and Murmańsk. As a result, Lenin was able to keep in constant contact with the revolutionary movement in Russia during the WWI. In particular, Aleksandra Kollontai was regarded by the Norwegian socialists as a beautiful, temperamental woman as well as a talented speaker. Not surprisingly, her diplomacy also led to recognition of Soviet Russia by Norway in 1924.
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Polityka integracyjna Norwegii wobec nowej emigracji zarobkowej z Polski w latach 2004-2009

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Kiełbasiewicz A.
Historia i Polityka
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2010
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issue 2/3(9/10)
251-273
EN
The aim of this article is to presentthe main assumptions of Norway’s integra­tion policy towards Polish labour emigrants after the access of Poland to the European Union in 2004. Norway, as a member ofthe European Economic Area, participates in the European Union’s single market that among others ensures free movement of people and services. As a result, more than one hundred thousand Polish citizens have taken up employment in this Nordic country during last 5 years. At present, they constitute the largest national minority in Norway. Even though Norway introduced transitional period to protect their market against cheap manpower, many Norwegian as well as Polish companies found their way to employ specialists from previous Eastern Bloc with remuneration below the minimum accepted in particular branches. Therefore, many labour emigrants found themselves on the periphery of Norwegian society along with bad living conditions, unregulated working time and devoid of any rights to welfare. This situation was defined by Norwegian government as a social dumping and since 2006 new regulations have been introduced in order to limit this unfair competition. However, the biggest emphasis has only been put on exacerbation of labour law and popularization of collective wage agreements. Norwegian authorities decided to exclude labour emigrants from fuli participation in the integration policy that includes among others free courses in Norwegian language or recognition of education. Moreover, the article tries to depictthe outline of history of labour migration in Norway, reasons for current migration, mechanisms of recruitment, working and living conditions of Polish emigrants, and the generał conceptions for futurę import of workforce to Norway. All these issues are to give a wider picture of the main challenges connected with the modern phenomenon of free movement of people between countries with different standards of living and regulations within Central and West­ern Europe.
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