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PL
Rola banków spółdzielczych w rozwoju obszarów wiejskich jest analizowana na przykładzie Banku Spółdzielczego w Łącku. Działalność depozytowa bardzo wzrosła od czasu przystąpienia Polski do UE, ponieważ warunkiem otrzymania dopłat bezpośrednich jest posiadanie konta bankowego.
EN
The aim of the paper was to present an analysis of influence of activity of co-operative banks on the development of agriculture and rural areas. The analysis concerned the activity of Co-operative Bank in Łącko in years 2003-2005. Co-operative Bank in Łącko is the oldest bank in Małopolska. The majority of its operations are located in the rural areas. The main clients of the Bank are inhabitants of Łącko region, farmers and small and medium size enterprises. Bank offered a wide selection of services. The most popular products were consumer credits and current accounts. In years 2003-2005 Bank opened 2021 accounts for farmers. Most of accounts were opened in 2004 because it was one of the conditions to receive financing from the EU funds. Bank offered also preferential credits.
EN
This article describes the history of gardens, how garden history began and its development as a process interwoven with the emergence of the concept of garden art and the later evolution of the idea of the garden as a work of art. These phenomenons occurred in the 18th century. Discussions about, and controversy over, the new English landscape parks and the criticism of formal gardens led to creating a language to describe gardens and to the belief that designing them was an art. It was only in the 18th century that writers began to describe garden history in a systematic way, analyzing their artistic form and cultural context (C. C. L. Hirschfeld). The first large-scale history of gardens - which was illustrated and included gardens on all continents - was written by J. C. Loudon (1822). The next significant historiographical work was written by A. Mangin (1867). The last thirty years has been a very fruitful period in the development of garden history, adapting methods used by art historians. The latest research being conducted by historians and philosophers (J. D. Hunt) is striving to establish new grounds for interpreting gardens. The three central issues are: the garden in the sociocultural context, how it is perceived and fundamental questions about its intrinsic nature - what exactly is a garden as a work of art, as a cultural phenomenon, as a subject of literature, as an existential experience of the person who enters it?
PL
Analiza wymiany towarowej w zakresie produktów rolno-spożywczych pomiędzy Polską a Rosją za latach 1997-2008 wykazała, iż wymianę tę charakteryzuje po stronie polskiej przewaga eksportu nad importem, a zatem dodatnie saldo handlu tymi towarami. Średni udział artykułów rolnospożywczych w ogólnej strukturze polskiego eksportu do Rosji na przełomie lat 1997-2008 ukształtował się na poziomie około 23%, podczas gdy import z Rosji na poziomie niewiele przekraczającym 1%. Spośród czterech sekcji produktów rolno-spożywczych największy udział w eksporcie z Polski do Rosji przypada na sekcję IV, tj. przetwory spożywcze, zaś najmniejszy na sekcję III, tj. tłuszcze i oleje. Po stronie szans polskiego eksportu towarów rolno-spożywczych do Rosji, które należałoby wykorzystać, można wskazać m.in. położenie geograficzne tego kraju, potencjał ekonomiczny, rozmiar i chłonność rynku oraz pozycję na arenie międzynarodowej, a także starania Rosji o wejście w struktury WTO, wzrost zamożności rosyjskiego społeczeństwa oraz brak samowystarczalności żywnościowej. Niestety obok szans istnieje także wiele zagrożeń oraz słabych stron polskiego eksportu do Rosji.
EN
Results of Polish-Russia trade in agri-food products in years 1997-2008 were presented. The value and structure of Polish exports to Russia and imports of agri-food products from Russia per sections of CN nomenclature were characterized. The share of agri-food products in the total value of Polish exports to Russia and imports from Russia was determined. The analysis of strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats in trading with Russia were presented.
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