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  1. 2 Krzemiński G.

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The notion of mixed contract

100%
Krzemiński G.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2010
|
issue 3-4(185-186)
243-271
EN
The issue of mixed contracts in Polish doctrine of civil law returns every now and then. It certainly requires proper solution and proves that attempts at rejecting it as an independent category have not brought us any nearer to solving the problem. For ages, since the Roman times mixed contracts have been the subject matter of thorough analyses and interesting solutions. Also in Polish legal literature the necessity of distinguishing an independent category of mixed contracts has been repeatedly emphasised (see Chapter 2, item 3). Also, many years ago this issue was stressed by M. Sośniak, whose timeless studies were invaluable help when writing this dissertation. A dichotomic division into nominate and innominate contracts imposed on Polish doctrine turned out to be insufficient. This is proved both by the complicated of contemporary contractual relations, which are too difficult to be confined within rigid forms regulated by codes and other acts in the form of nominate contracts, and by caselaw. In the Fascicle 1 (12) 2009 “Studies in Private Law” issued in 2009, Wojciech J. Katner presented an article entitled “The notion of innominate contract” forerunning the publication of the issued in May 2010 Volume 9 Private Law System. Contract Law – innominate contracts. However, the omission of an independent category of mixed contracts in Volume 9 Private Law System, especially for the reason of the reputation of the previous issues, gives rise to disregarding the vast theoretical output related to this category of contracts. Instead of using the output – it is rejected as useless, in the name of maintaining the correctness of logical division without paying more attention to the doctrine analysis. No one doubts the fact that mixed contracts do not manifest full constructive novelty, which constitutes a distinctive feature of innominate contracts. Mixed contracts are more or less a coherent blend of the previously appearing contract elements. The point is, this blend should be so coherent (as opposed to nexus of contracts) that it could justify the existance of a separate, independent contract. The issue raised in this dissertation aims at outlining the extensive theoretical output connected with this category of contracts as well as indicating how it can be used when classifying such such contracts as either a mixed or an innominate contract with different consequences of that.
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Potrzeba wyodrębniania samodzielnej kategorii umów mieszanych w polskim prawie obligacyjnym

100%
Krzemiński G.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2020
|
issue 1(221)
51-63
EN
An important consequence of the principle of freedom of contract is the function in trade of named contracts, unnamed and mixed contracts. The practice of data circulation shows the emergence of new contractual categories, whichdo not fit into any traditional form of property rights, while not being appropriate to classify in the category of unnamed contracts. A complex problem cannot be eliminated by simply shifting these new contract forms to the category of unnamed contracts. Many agreements that result in disputes, subsequently settled by courts, are not completely deprived of normative regulations, and these should therefore be used accordingly. The doctrinal isolation of independent categories of named, unnamed and mixed contracts is not a purely theoretical measure, since it is the sole way of achieving useful results in the process of law application. The doctrinal isolation of independent categories of named, unnamed and mixed contracts is not a purely theoretical measure, since it is the sole way of achieving useful results in the process of law application.
PL
Doniosłą konsekwencją zasady swobody umów, jest funkcjonowanie w obrocie obok umów nazwanych, umów nienazwanych i mieszanych. Praktyka obrotu gospodarczego wykazuje, że pojawiają się wciąż coraz to nowe typy umowne, które nie dają się zaszeregować się do żadnej tradycyjnej postaci prawa zobowiązań, zaś klasyfikowanie ich do kategorii umów nienazwanych nie jest właściwe. Nie można bowiem pochopnie likwidować skomplikowanego problemu przez proste przesunięcie tych nowych postaci umownych do kategorii umów nienazwanych. Wiele bowiem rodzajów umów, które aktualnie stają się źródłem sporów spory, rozstrzyganych następnie przez sądy, nie jest zupełnie pozbawiona uregulowania normatywnego. Reguły te należy tylko odkryć i odpowiednio wykorzystać. Doktrynalne wyodrębnianie samodzielnych kategorii umów nazwanych, nienazwanych i mieszanych, nie jest zabiegiem wyłącznie teoretycznym, bowiem tyko w ten sposób można osiągnąć rezultaty przydatne w procesie stosowania prawa.
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