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Research on Electrochemistry of Ludwik Bruner (1871-1913)

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Dolecki M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2007
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vol. 52
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issue 3-4
165-185
EN
The present article is showing the most significant findings concerning electrochemistry of the Cracow scholar - Ludwik Bruner. Electrochemistry was the second and main - after chemical kinetics - field of research work of the scientist. Bruner - usually together with his co-workers and students - used to take up his scientific research on electrochemistry both of hydrous and anhydrous solutions. During his stay in Karlsruhe in 1903, he took up searches on Jacques cell together with Fritz Haber. The researchers revealed that Jacques cell is in fact fuel cell. Bruner's kinetic searches on the reaction of bromination of toluene in nitrobenzene made him start works over electrochemistry of non-aqueous solutions and, in particular, over halogens and interhalogen compounds in solutions (mainly in nitrobenzene and in liquid sulphur dioxide, and halogens in solutions and in liquid state. As far as the solutions of halogens and interhalogen compounds are concerned, Bruner did not state any existence of halogen cations. Moreover, the Cracow scholar pointed out, among others, the new value of electrochemical potential of sulphur ions . Late in life Bruner was interested in electrochemistry of aqueous solutions of non-metal hydrides (of selenium and tellurium)
2
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NON-QUANTUM THEORIES OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE DISCUSSED IN THE JOURNAL 'WSZECHSWIAT' IN THE YEARS 1882-1914

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Dolecki M.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2005
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vol. 14
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issue 1-2(27-28)
167-184
EN
The paper gives a brief account of those non-quantum theories of atomic structure which were most frequently discussed in the years 1882-1914 in 'Wszechswiat' (The Universe), a Warsaw-based weekly devoted to the natural sciences. The paper describes both the works of foreign scientists, and the comments by Polish authors. Now the models are only of a historical significance, which means that many of them remain unknown even to people who are professionally engaged in atomic physics. A considerable amount of experimental data, such as the complex form of emission and absorption atomic spectra, the periodicity of properties of elements, simple arithmetical interdependencies between atomic masses, and finally the discovery of the electron in 1897, led the 19th-century naturalists to recognize the complex structure of the atom. The paper discusses very briefly the following issues: the role of positive and negative particles in the structure of the atom, the ratio of mass to electricity (involved in the discussion on the theory of the electromagnetic origin of mass), and ether (the view of atoms as vortexes in ether, as conceived of by Benjamin Thomson, Gustave Le Bon and Nikolaus Dellinghausen), as well as selected conceptions of atomic structure - non-planetary (by Joseph John Thomson and Philipp Lenard) and planetary (by Ernest Rutherford and John Nicholson).
3
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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THE JOURNAL 'CHEMIK POLSKI'

100%
Dolecki M.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2007
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vol. 16
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issue 1-2(31-32)
139-163
EN
The aim of the paper is to give a brief account of the issues in physical chemistry discussed in the journal 'Chemik Polski' (The Polish Chemist), the first Polish chemical journal with a national circulation, which appeared in the years 1901-1914 (vol. I-XIV) and in the year 1919 (vol. XV-XVI), when issues of two volumes - for 1917 and 1918 - were published, after the publication of the journal had been suspended during the WW I. 'Chemik Polski' has not yet been subject to detailed research, and thus there are few writings on the subject. Polish chemists active at the beginning of the 20th century usually published the results of their research in many foreign journals, which meant that their writings were widely dispersed. The aim of 'Chemik Polski' was to facilitate the exchange of scientific views and experiences of Polish chemists and to serve the dissemination of their achievements against the backdrop of advances in chemistry worldwide, as well as to enable them to establish mutual professional contacts, especially as they lived and worked in different countries. Ever since its establishment, 'Chemik Polski' was successful in fulfilling the role envisaged by its founders as an archive of the works by Polish chemists and as a national chemical forum, where any of its readers could express their views. The journal soon gained an outstanding reputation among Polish chemists, mainly due to the renown of the authors who published their papers in the journal (among them: Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Wojciech Swietoslawski or Juliusz Wilhelm Brühl) and to the high level of the materials published in it.
4

Scientific Research of Ludwik Bruner (1871-1913) on Chemical Kinetics

100%
Dolecki M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2007
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vol. 52
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issue 2
103-135
EN
In the article author discusses research carried out on the Polish territories by Cracow scientist and the first professor of physical chemistry - Ludwik Bruner - on kinetics of homogenous and heterogenous systems. The kinetic searches of Bruner were the crucial point in his activity. A small number of publications presenting his most significant achievements appeared so far. Bruner's research works over kinetics can be divided thematically into 2 main parts: - reactions velocity, photokinetics and catalysis of homogenous systems: kinetics of substitution of bromine in aromatic compounds, and addition of bromine to non-saturated compounds, catalysis in bromination and particularly the catalyctic action of iodine, kinetics of estrification; experiments on effect of light on the process and chemical reactions velocity; - kinetics of heterogenous systems: research on the velocity of dissolution of solid bodies according to Noyes - Whitney's standard. Bruner's research works over kinetics played a significant role in the development of scientific research on organic reactions velocity and dissolution velocity.
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