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The article indicates that the lyrical I in the war poetry of Miłosz and the nar- rator in the novel The Seizure of Power are Hegelians. The lyrical I happens to be a Hegelian who is critical of Hegelianism in the name of eternal values, and simi- larly the narrative subject is a Hegelian who operates on certain conditions. The narrator disposes of the Romantic tradition from the standpoint of Hegelian ideas. This very moment he does not voice any reservations about Hegelianism. At the same time he depreciates Hegelianism when he judges the communists’ ability to build a new world. It turns out that they are obsessed with the idea of overwhelm- ing progress, and they yield to the idolatry of the Movement. The author shows the way the patriots are portrayed. They are willing to defend the eternal values blind- ly, and they are Romanticists, worried about the holy values of being. The novel is divided into parts by means of Hegelianism and Romantic patriotism, the latter considered by the narrator to be nationalism. What the article’s author attempts to prove is that the narration is motivated by the sense of contradiction between the Movement and being. At the end of the novel the narrator notices that the tyranny of the Movement seems to be enslavement similar to being engrossed in the Ro- mantic values of existence. For that reason in the novel The Seizure of Power we can find characters who enjoy the freedom which has always pleased honest people.
EN
The article displays the image of Russia through the eyes of Wat in reference to the mental Russia of Miłosz. It discusses the similarities and differences of both of the views. It indicates the affinities in experiencing the communist Russia by Avant-garde poets – futurists and poets affiliated to “Żagary” magazine. The author proves that Wat’s narration in My Century organizes the dualism of the declining West and the revolutionary East. The article’s author reveals the mistake of mixing the negative data of existence with the political reality. He indicates that this contamination resulted in Wat’s idiosyncrasy towards the Mediterranean culture and expectation for its destruction by the communist revolution. He emphasizes the dual relict nature of revolutionary eschatology. The article shows the reasons for Wat’s ideological enslavement and process of liberating from the influence of communist utopia in the reality of imprisoning Wat and exiling him deep into the empire.
EN
The article shows the Eastern awareness of evil from the perspective of Miłosz. Its essence is the ability to differentiate the good from the evil when there is an inevitable conviction that evil is necessary. The ground for this conviction is laid in an aversion to the impulsive forces of a body and the inherent powers of matter, as well as in the inevitability of yielding to them. These are the forces and powers which constitute the blind will of domination of one over another in different dimensions. The article explains that in the Eastern awareness of evil the knowledge of human sinfulness is of religious nature. The one who does a wrong thing and is painfully aware of this fact, due to this awareness, prevails (according to Dostojewski and Miłosz) over a pretentious aesthete who thinks he or she is good by nature. The aware sinner prevails because he or she does not turn down the original sin, does not place the God-Human in the position of Human-God, and does not give the world to the land (does not exchange the Christian eschatology for the secular eschatology). The article demonstrates that Miłosz, in alliance with Dostojewski, attacks Polish culture for the alleged unawareness of evil; he realizes that the Manichean awareness of evil has a weak point: it turns a man away from the world of matter, nature, micro- and macrocosm. Hence, the Slavic people have so few practical achievements in making the land their subject in comparison to the accomplishments of the Western men. Moreover, the Eastern awareness of evil, as the awareness of superiority over the ethical waste of effort of an ordinary day, shows, according to Miłosz, an inclination for a messianic bearing of suffering - passively enduring the suffering like a Christian. That is the mistake made by Dostojewski. The article indicates that Miłosz enriches the Eastern awareness of evil with the Western affirmation of what is physical and material.
EN
The paper discusses Karol Potkański’s study of Russia called Constantine and Methodius (1905) with reference to Tadeusz Nalepiński’s work The Spirit King of Russian. He’s coming!,Władysław Jabłonowski’s Around the Sphinx. Studies of life and world of the Russian people (1901),Two cultures. Historical and literary studies (1913), Stanisław Kutrzeba’s Sources and contrasts of Polish and Russian cultures (1916), Marian Zdziechowski’s Selected works,Bogumił Jasinowski’sEastern Christianity and Russia (1933) and others. It attempts to show the religious studies’ current in the Polish research in Russia which was open not as much to the Orthodox Church as to the Rus-sian sectarianism. The author follows ethnogenetic intuitions of Russia historians signalized after the Russian Revolution of 1905 in relation to their inquiries into widely-comprehended Russian spirituality and psychology. He records what was said about the radical dualism of Slavs and their Iranian origin. He shows it is historically justified to use religious studies’ method in Russian studies. He proves the efficiency of dualism as a model for analyzing Russian history. He indicates the key to history through the sectarian beliefs and ideas of Gnostic-Manichaean provenance.
EN
This paper displays the birth of the Russian intelligentsia and demonstrates the differences between educated people and members of the intelligentsia. It proves that each member of the intelligentsia is educated, while not every educated person is a member of the intelligentsia. Such a person needs to be fanatically devoted to the idea of the emancipation of the people, which is followed by atheists. The paper distinguishes the Russian intelligentsia and the Polish intelligentsia. It discovers the destructiveness of the intelligentsia based on the Gnostic-Manichaean foundation. It emphasizes the anti-worldness of the secularization of religious beliefs and ideas which are averse to the world as such. It proves that the Russian idea of the world transformation is motivated by destructive desires: hatred towards life, towards existence in bodily and physical mortal life. The author of the paper proves that the response to the destructive potential of the idea of the absolute world transformation triggered the beginnings of the Russian religious rebirth – the return to the metahistorical dimension of the Russian idea.
7
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PL
Zalecenia edytorskie dla autorów publikujących na łamach "Studia Rossica Gedanensia"
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przedmowa do tomu
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RU
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