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PL
In the paper a new approach to research projects planning and management is proposed. It is substantially different from the traditional methods and resembles more the agile methods used in IT projects. It takes into account the much more greater dimension of uncertainty inherent to research projects as compared with other types of projects. It allows a project to be broken if the analysis shows that the benefit/cost relation does no longer justify the project continuation. The focus of the method lies on an generalized tasks description, consisting of a comprehensive list of undetermined, unknown or uncertain task attributes and task dependencies, with an explanation clarifying the nature or the cause of the lack of information/uncertainty. The description should be updated in the course of the project. The proposed approach is applied to a real world research project where a lot of changes were necessary and traditional project management methods proved to be inefficient.
PL
The linguistic analysis of the pericope John 9,1-41 is carried out. First the problem of blindness in the Bible is shortly presented. Then the seven parts of the pericope are analysed from the point of view of the vocabulary, the syntax and the semantics. Then it is pointed out how each part shows us the role and the meaning of testimony as a way which may lead both the person giving it and those listening to it closer to the full knowledge of the Lord.
EN
Project management in every situation is based on planning, organizing, motivating and controlling resources for the attainment of certain goals. This essentially means that the success of the management of a project will depend on the results achieved as well as the resources committed in achieving such results. Irrespective of the objectives of a project, one fundamental fact remains significant, that is, the fact that projects are geared towards the improvement of conditions in a particular society. This article is interested not only in the art of project management but also the factors which could influence the success or failure of these projects. In this article, the influence of the culture of the society for which a project is meant will be examined to find out whether it influences the conception and implementation of the project in any way. In this regard some case studies of projects will be studied to find out the extent to which the cultural context of the society played a significant role in particular projects. The other case which will receive attention in this write up will be the significance of culture at each stage of the project. These elements will be discussed paying particular attention to the dimensions of culture proposed by Hofstede and how they influence the project management process. The conclusion of this article will propose an approach to project management which takes into consideration the cultural context in which the project will be realized and the stages of the project management process which should involve more cultural orientation
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Globalizacja I Rozwój Przedsiębiorstw w Ghanie

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EN
The paper examines the phenomenon of Globalization and its trends on Ghanaian enterprises in recent times. Like many other cultures and countries, globalization has had tremendous influence on the growth or stagnation of enterprises all over the world. Some countries have been able to exploit this phenomenon such that it benefits their enterprises whilst other countries have failed to find the right balance. The purpose of this article is among other things to explain the term globalization, and to choose the definition that is most appropriate to this publication whist paying attention to the various conflicts that could arise from this phenomenon. It also seeks to identify that influences of Globalization on enterprises in Ghana and whether or not Ghana as a country has been able to find a balance between its local perspectives and the wave of globalization across the globe.
PL
Zespoły badawcze coraz częściej zastępują niezależnych badaczy. W ciągu 19 lat wielkość zespołu badawczego wzrosła o 50%. Lepsza współpraca między członkami zespołu badawczego może poprawić wyniki badań lub produkt projektu badawczo‑rozwojowego. W zespole badawczym wiedza – jeżeli jest tworzona wspólnie – musi być skutecznie przekazywana i rozpowszechniona między wszystkich jego członków. Współpraca badaczy może być z powodzeniem wspierana przez zapewnienie odpowiedniego środowiska wymiany wiedzy i udogodnień komunikacyjnych. Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie sposobu dzielenia się informacją w zespole badawczym przy wykorzystaniu systemu zarządzania treścią (CMS), działającego na podstawie rozwiązania chmurowego w modelu oprogramowania jako usługi (SaaS). Przedstawiono w nim także wykorzystanie CMS do wsparcia współpracy zespołu badawczego realizującego projekt badawczy finansowany przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki.
EN
Teams of scientific specialists have replaced independent researchers, simultaneously the research team size has increased by 50% over the 19‑year period. Better collaborations between project team members might improve research outcomes or R&D project products. Knowledge needs to be communicated among a research team effectively and shared among all research team members as it is created collaboratively. Collaboration can be successfully supported by providing a knowledge sharing environment and communication facilities. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility and discuss novel communication among scientists using a content management system (CMS) which operates based on the Software‑as‑a‑Service (SaaS) cloud‑computing model. This study presents the use of CMS for the collaboration of a research team carrying out a research project funded by the Polish National Science Centre.
EN
In the paper we propose a practical application of the path goal programming approach, by which we understand a goal programming approach with goals being not numbers, but paths in networks. This method, with goal paths corresponding to desired schedules of environmental investment implementation, is used for the environmental decision-making in a selected company. The company has to introduce some investments aimed at natural resources reduction. However, not all the required investments can be realized in one budgeting period, because of budget constraints. The desired compromise schedule of investment realization has to be worked out. This schedule becomes the goal. The path goal programming method helps to reduce the undesired deviations from the goal schedule.
EN
The outline of the paper is as follows: in section 1 the goal of this paper is defined. In section 2, the most complex section of the paper, we present the summary of existing knowledge in this matter by reviewing the literature, critical factors of project's success, contingency theory, project typology, project activities classification. Section 3 explains the applied research methodology, the process of building theory from case study. In section 4 the new approach for the project activities typology is introduced, classification of project activities from the angle of five dimensions. In section 5 the application of the proposed approach in the CC/BM is presented, incorporating five identified activities dimension in the buffer sizing procedure. Section 6 contains some conclusions. The goal of this paper is presenting the typology of projects and proposes a new approach for typology of projects activities to define the impact of this factor on the size of inserted buffers in the Critical Chain Buffer Management Method (Goldratt 1997), solution applied in order to cope with inherent uncertainty associated with many projects. The presented classification was compiled from the analysis of the completed or still executed infrastructure and it projects which are performed as well by Polish public institutions, supported by European Union, and private sector.
EN
On the basis of interviews with persons managing Polish agricultural companies it was found out that, in spite of the fact that risk is often taken into account in the agricultural activity, no risk management methods are used in agricultural projects (i.e. projects realized by agricultural companies). Thus in the paper a proposal is presented of using in agricultural project risk management a system based on fuzzy decision trees, put forward earlier by the authors for Polish self government units. In the paper the main traits of the system as well as selected steps of an experiment of the system application conducted in one of Polish agricultural companies are described.
EN
The goal of the paper was to present a case study of the preparations for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship in Poland, and especially in Wrocław, in order to help the managers of similar multiproject undertakings in the future to manage more effectively the risk and to reduce to uncertainty linked to such projects. In the moment the paper is written, the preparations are on their way, and we already have had some difficult, but valuable experience. Several problems occurred which were threatening the success of the projects conducted in the framework of the preparations, several problems can still be expected in the basis of the experience. The problems from the past had to be solved somehow, the problems to be expected have to be managed also - all this may constitute valuable advice for similar projects in the future. To sum up the main problems that have been identified so far in the projects conducted in the framework of the preparations for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, we have to emphasize the legal problems. The law as it was formulated in the legal acts before the beginning of the preparations would have made them nearly impossible to be accomplished. Thus, several modifications had to be introduced. Also later the human nature which makes some people use the "holes" in legal acts for their personal advantage blocked the projects realization for a considerable period of time, which in case of projects which simply have to be finished in time, because otherwise we face a real disaster, is a very serious problem. The disputes concerned above all the land ownership and the bidding results. The long legal procedures of considering the appeals, the expropriation etc. were a real nuisance. Also it happened that a construction company which won the bidding did not accomplish what it was supposed to, thus we faced the necessity of changing a company, which made it necessary to deal with a an "empty" period where a new company had to be selected and the construction site had to be handed over. We hope that the present paper will allow other project managers to learn from the lesson our country and city has been going through at the moment and that the painful learning process we have been experiencing will be of use to someone else.
PL
W artykule analizuje się bufory czasowe jako narzędzie zapewnienia stabilności harmonogramu projektu. Bufory czasowe są znane w literaturze, ale nie ma zgodności co do sposobu wyznaczania ich wielkości. Większość znanych w literaturze metod nie uwzględnia cech charakterystycznych projektu i jego zadań bądź uwzględnia je w sposób niewystarczający. W artykule omawia się kilka metod wyznaczania wielkości buforów uwzględniających te charakterystyki, a następnie, na podstawie analizy rzeczywistego projektu, poddaje się te metody weryfikacji.
EN
The paper presents 3 methods of time buffer size determination and an attempt to verify these methods in a real world project. The methods were compared using 3 criteria: their ability to ensure a schedule stability, the amount of time unnecessarily reserved in buffers with respect to the actual needs and the simplicity of their practical application.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zarządzaniu ryzykiem w krytycznych systemach informatycznych. Zaproponowano zastosowanie podejścia rozmytego oraz modyfikację znanej metody HAZOP. Zaproponowane modyfikacje pozwolą na skuteczniejsze zarządzanie ryzykiem w rozpatrywanym typie systemów informatycznych. Propozycje są uzasadnione i zilustrowane dwoma studiami przypadku z jednej z polskich jednostek samorządowych.
EN
This article is devoted to risk management in critical information systems. We propose a fuzzy approach and modify the well-known HAZOP method. The proposed modifications will enable more effective risk management in the type of systems considered. The proposals are justified and illustrated by two case studies from a Polish local government unit.
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