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PL
Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa finansowego państwa, rozumianego jako sprawnośćjego funkcjonowania, nie jest możliwe bez odpowiednich wpływów dochodów budżetowych. Istotna jest w związku z tym właściwa realizacja przez wszystkie podmioty obowiązków o charakterze publicznoprawnym. Niestety, społeczeństwo nie jest grupą modelowo zorganizowaną i obowiązki nie zawsze są dobrowolnie wykonywane, co wiąże się z koniecznością stosowania przymusu państwowego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie elementów wyznaczających granice stosowania sankcji egzekucyjnej, a także próba ustalenia znaczenia elementu dobrowolności w uiszczaniu danin publicznych. Pomimo iż finanse publiczne objęte są władztwem państwowym – jednym z przejawów władczego działania państwa jest możliwość użycia w celu realizacji określonych obowiązków środków egzekucyjnych – istotne jest, że mechanizmy przymusu nie mogą nie mieć granic. Oznacza to, że wszelkie działania zmierzające do uzyskania niskiego poziomu zaległości wobec budżetu państwa oraz wysokiego wskaźnika efektywności egzekucji, mogą być prowadzone wyłącznie z uwzględnieniem prawnych ram stosowania przymusu. Jest to kluczowy wniosek wynikający z przedstawionych przez autorkę rozważań.
EN
The long-term assurance of financial security of the state- understood in terms of its efficient functioning- cannot be ascertained without appropriate financial inflows. The proper execution of all public obligation duties by its administrative entities is therefore of the foremost significance. Regrettably society in its totality does not represent an exemplary organized group and obligations are often fulfilled very reluctantly, which requires some form of state coercion. The aim of this article is to point out the elements staking out the limits in the application of enforcement penalties, as well as an attempt to assess the element of voluntariness in the payment of public receivables. However, even though public funds are subject to fiscal state sovereignty – one of its elements being the application of law enforcement proceedings in order to recover liabilities – it must not be that enforcement mechanisms applied are haphazardly and without legal guidelines. Therefore all executive measures taken in order to achieve the lowest level of liability towards the State budget and the highest efficiency ratio in the recovery of due payments have always be applied within the legal framework of public law.
EN
The question of legal education is recognised as important along various dimensions and thus has been in the focus of attention of numerous distinguished legal scholars and practitioners all over the world. The problem of legal education includes not just methodological issues, but also the issues that are par excellence philosophical in nature. Legal education has a specificity that arises from the nature of law and its complexity, and is related to the personal dimension of this education. The process of education should be organised in such a way that students should be in contact with members of the legal community whose authority, moral and subject matter-related attributes play a vital, formative role in legal education. The author tries to confront the didactics-related reality with ideals and postulates present within this field. Yet, it is revealed that such a reality is hidden below a “thick layer” of myths, which have grown around legal education. These myths blur the real picture of lawyers’ education, creating a kind of legal education mythology. Two types of systemic legal myths are indicated. The first one is built on the paradigm of university legal education. The other type is based on the paradigm of university studies.
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EN
The article presents selected problems relevant for the contentious issue of abortion and the related discourses indicating that one of the characteristic features of abortion discourse is its mediatization. The author aims to characterize the constraints on abortion discourses and the varied environments in which the different types of such discourses emerge. Abortion discourses are sociolinguistically diverse and may exhibit different styles and modes of expression. Although they share the scope of the subject matter involved as in all cases they are centred on abortion-related problems, the field of discourse in each case is defined by the nature of the communicative situation in which a particular discourse is embedded. All abortion discourses are underlined by particular assumptions concerning the nature of human life and its beginning, as well as the issues of the dignity and liberty of the human person. The author suggests that what really hampers abortion discourses and prevents their participants from reaching a consensus is the fact that people who engage in such disputes are faced with the incommensurability of the values which translate into decisive factors and the final arguments used by interacting discussants. Another problem is posed by the fact that the two extreme positions in the debate are formulated with the use of different styles and registers, which results in the clash of asymmetric discourses. Finally, it is not insignificant that subjectively important values are much varied and that they must coexist with two main sets or “families” of abortion-oriented fundamental values present in the polarised camps.
PL
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie regulacji prawnych dotyczących obowiązku zachowania przez duchownego tajemnicy spowiedzi, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli tej instytucji w wyznaniu rzymskokatolickim. Przyjęto tę formułę, albowiem katolicyzm w Polsce ma najliczniejszą grupę wiernych. W artykule zaprezentowano aspekty prawne tajemnicy spowiedzi w odniesieniu do postępowania administracyjnego oraz prawa kanonicznego. Dla porównania wskazano również regulacje dotyczące tej instytucji w procedurze karnej i cywilnej. Ponadto dokonano analizy przepisów prawa kanonicznego i prawa karnego nawiązujących do odpowiedzialności duchownego za naruszenie tajemnicy spowiedzi. Oprócz ustawodawstwa ważną wskazówką przy pisaniu artykułu były stanowiska doktryny i orzecznictwa.
EN
The aim of the article was to present legal regulations concerning the obligation to keep the mystery of confession by priest with particular emphasis on the role of this institution in the Roman Catholic faith. This formula was adopted because Catholicism in Poland is characterized by the largest number of faithful. In the article was presented legal aspects of the mystery of confession in relation to administrative proceedings and canonic law. For comparison, the regulations concerning this institution were also indicated in the criminal and civil procedure. In addition, was analyzed of the canonic law and criminal law relating to clerical responsibility for the violation of the mystery of confession. The article was based on doctrine and cases law besides legislation.
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2011
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vol. 6
|
issue 2
227-238
EN
The changing business environment requires organizations to adopt flexibility, including employment flexibility, enabling them to compete on the market. This area seems to be widely discussed in literatures, but it has not been the subject of in-depth analyses. The analysis presented in this paper aims to identify the level of employment flexibility in organizations. The paper identifies the major factors which determine employment flexibility levels and presents the main measurement methods for diagnosing the levels of employment flexibility in organizations. In order to achieve this objective, the author presents a critical analysis of literatures in the area in question. The paper claims that the specific forms of flexible employment may have a different impact on the organization's employment flexibility. The level of employment flexibility is conditioned by the scope and type of the applied forms of employment, which are closely related to the time and costs of the recruitment and dismissal process. In this context, a diagnosis of employment flexibility plays a significant role. Its measurement may be based on different indicators which reflect changes to the organization's employment including the modified ratios of employment structure, employee movement and its areas as well as employment stability.
Studia Ełckie
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2019
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vol. 21
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issue 3
417-427
EN
In this article was analyzed the regulations relating to nasciturus status in the polish legal system. Nasciturus, ie. conceived and unborn child, has a number of rights, which result primarily from the legislation, and sometimes also from the judiciary. The article consists of four subchapters as well as introduction and conclusion. As first a term nasciturus and an essence of conditional legal capacity were explained. This issue is connected with the problems presented in second subchapter concerning on nasciturus status in the inheritance law. The ability to inherit is a part of legal capacity. Thanks for this attribute nasciturus may be a heir of property included in inheritance. Nasciturus get this property, if he/she will born alive. In a next subchapter was indicated the rights of nasciturus, which result from the regulations of family law. In a last subchapter the criminal-law protection of conceived child was presented.
EN
The article want to find out, what was the reason of Gustaw Zieliński and Wincenty Pol mutual fascination. The fact remains, that a lot differ them – but probably biographical-personality-cultural similarities, evoked „literary” sentiment.
PL
Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, co było przyczyną wzajemnej fascynacji Gustawa Zielińskiego i Wincentego Pola. Faktem jest, że wiele poetów dzieliło – ale biograficzno-osobowościowo-kulturowe podobieństwa, na które artykuł zwraca uwagę, sprawiły, że pojawił się „literacki” sentyment.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba zweryfikowania stwierdzenia, iż postawy temporalne polskich pracobiorców można opisać w takich kategoriach ekonomii ewolucyjnej, jak: różnorodność, zmienność oraz adaptacyjność. Odwołano się do badań własnych, a także danych statystycznych. Wykorzystano pojęcia ekonomii i socjopsychologii czasu.
EN
The article presents the temporal attitudes of Polish employees in terms of evolutionary economics: diversity, variability and adaptability. Reference is made to the author’s own research, as well as statistical data. The concepts of economics and sociopsychology of time had been used in the study.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono istotę cyberdyskredytacji i jej psychologiczne, ekonomiczne, prawne, kulturowe, technologiczne, zawodowe/branżowe uwarunkowania, zwracając uwagę na aspekty konkurowania jakością kapitału ludzkiego. Opisano wszystkie 22 formy cyberdyskredytacji oraz podano ich przykłady, wykorzystując wyniki własnych badań empirycznych z wykorzystaniem strony www.sprawdzwykladowce.pl. Ponadto (przy użyciu trzech relacyjnych metod pomiaru, tj. wskaźnika dyskredytacji, wskaźnika nasilenia dyskredytacji ogółem i szczegółowego wskaźnika nasilenia dyskredytacji) dokonano diagnozy różnic w nasileniu dyskredytacji w uczelniach o różnej pozycji rankingowej.
EN
This article presents the essence of cyberdiscreditation and its psychological, economic, legal, cultural, technological and professional conditioning, while taking into account aspects of competing with the quality of human capital. It describes all the twenty- -two forms of cyberdiscreditation and provides their examples, using the results of own empirical research based on the website www.sprawdzwykladowce.pl. In addition, it makes a diagnosis of the differences in the volume of discreditation in universities of different ranking, using three relational measurement methods, ie. discreditation ratio, the total ratio of discreditation intensity and the detailed ratio of discreditation intensity.
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