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AN ALPHABET SUITABLE FOR RROMANI, BUILT UP ON SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS - ABOUT THE SPELLING OF RROMANI (Alfabet odpowiedni dla jezyka cyganskiego, oparty na naukowych podstawach - o pisowni jezyka rromani)

100%

Courthiade M.

Studia Romologica

2008

vol. 1

105-152

(Title in Roma language: Jekh alfabeta maladi e rromane chibaqe, thaj savi achol pe 3antrikane baze - pal-e rromane chibaqero chand lekhavipnasqero). A still strikingly relevant quotation by the Poznan philologist Kalina, dated 1880, opens the article and another one, by UNESCO vice-director general Colin, dated 1989, emphasizes the significance of Rromani as a language of culture. The two great principles defined in London (1971) are then introduced: 1. no dialectal preference & 2. the need of a common language. They gave birth to the refusal of selecting a concrete dialect as common language; all have to be collected within a polylectal common language. The article exemplifies such a mechanism on the basis of Polish material (mazurzenie) and how it de facto exists in Spanish. It tells also how separately arose the polylectal approach in Russia and Yugoslavia. One has to understand that brains integrate a kind of filter transforming hearing into understanding -a device very much needed when listening to people with defective pronunciation or foreign accent. The second important question was to define how many Rromani languages are at stake in Europe? Dialectological and dialectometrical data pointed out at the existence of only one Rromani language, heritage of some 90% of the Rroms, beside collateral forms which arose from the melting of Rromani with other local languages (paggerdilects and peripheral idioms). The third task was to elaborate a really linguistic classification of the Rromani varieties and the article describes shortly the dialectal structure of Rromani: two superdialects (O and E) and four dialects (O@, O#, E@ and O# - @=without mutation, #=with mutation) - beside paggerdilects and peripheral idioms. The fourth step was to elaborate a typology of differences between the various varieties and to highlight the relationship of these differences with the question of understanding. This leads us to the three stages of standardisation: 1. Codification (graphisation, literalisation), 2. Normalisation & 3. Stylisation-popularisation. The article, which treats only codification, brings out the Warsaw decision on a Common alphabet in 21 paragraphs, with detailed comments paragraph by paragraph. To be short, the Rrom from Poland has to learn no more than seven spelling rules in order to acquire the common Rromani writing system. The basis is: everyone is supposed to make a little effort and everything will be much easier for all. New technologies haven't been forgotten and the article explains how to use Rromani typefaces in IT. In this context, when every year more than 25,000 Rromani pupils are taught in this alphabet in Rumania and many others a the European level, the Rrom from Poland faces the following choice: a vision of his mother-tongue as a cultural with folkloric curio (then he can use the Polish alphabet for it) or a vision in which Rromani is a lively and vigorous source of creation, known all over Europe and beyond: then he has no other choice than to leave aside petty ambitions and learn the seven rules of the European, or Warsaw, spelling system.

THE TRADITIONAL ROMANI COURT (O rromskim sadzie obyczajowym)

100%

Courthiade M.

Studia Romologica

2009

vol. 2

13-32

(Title in Roma language: I kris i rromani). In a short discussion about the existing judiciaries, the article points at just how diverse and relative they are when observed in a wider perspective. The paper then attempts to explain how and why the Rromani kris is, one might say, secret and to make clear its nature and main features. After explaining when, where and how Rroms convene a kris and how this act strengthens Rromani identity, it brings to light some 20 differences between Rromani and non-Rromani judiciaries: stating among others, that the Rromani system focuses more on mediation and harmony among Rroms, rather than on punishment as non-Rromani ones do which often leads to more or less hidden injustices and resentment in the name of justice. The article goes on to draw further parallels with other customary courts of justice, such as the pancajat raj in India and the ihtiyar hejet in Turkey, however, their function appears to be broader than the Rromani kris. Romania officially recognizes the Rromani kris and its authority as a 'constitutive institution of the State' (albeit, this has given rise to polemics in the country itself) and such recognition of the kris is expected to be adopted in Columbia very soon. The Rromani kris raises many philosophical questions related to policy and true democracy nowadays.

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2 Studia Romologica

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2 Courthiade M.

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AN ALPHABET SUITABLE FOR RROMANI, BUILT UP ON SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS - ABOUT THE SPELLING OF RROMANI (Alfabet odpowiedni dla jezyka cyganskiego, oparty na naukowych podstawach - o pisowni jezyka rromani)

THE TRADITIONAL ROMANI COURT (O rromskim sadzie obyczajowym)