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EN
The article is devoted to an analysis of the organisation and operation of the system of death penalty execution in post-second-world-war Poland, and the dependence of the solutions applied by the NKVD. The investigation moves from the questions of legal grounds, via the organisation of execution squads, their equipment and uniforms, to the technical questions of the actual administration of death penalty.
PL
Artykuł poświecony jest analizie organizacji i funkcjonowania systemu egzekucji kary śmierci w Polsce po II wojnie światowej i ich zależności od rozwiązań stosowanych przez NKWD. Przedmiotem analizy są kolejno kwestie podstawy prawnej, organizacji drużyn egzekucyjnych, ich uposażeniu i ubiorowi, oraz zagadnienia techniczne wykonywania kary śmierci
EN
Scholarly literature assumes that European bills of exchange have originated in Italy in the times of the crusades, in order to facilitate trade exchange and money circulation, which was particularly hampered and limited in the Middle Ages. Moreover, the rapid growth of towns and town confederations (the Hanseatic League) had contributed to the increase in popularity of this particular method of loan security. The article focuses on the development of the bill of exchange in the territory of Poland since its emergence in business trading up until the moment in which this method of loan security began to be regulated according to the rules in force in the occupation countries. Contemporary proceedings by writ of payment from the bill of exchange, based upon the abstract nature of the contractual relationship, conducted in a simplified manner, with limited evidence and charges inhabilitas personae, anticipation temporis falsificatio, do not differ significantly, on the fundamental level, from the Polish bill of exchange-based proceedings conducted in the 18th and 19th century.
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