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EN
The subject of the article is an attempt to answer the question whether and why Cyprian Norwid chose Juliusz Słowacki’s variant from among the attitudes of Romantic poets. Why did he accuse Mickiewicz and Krasiński of a historiosophical lie, while finding the truth in Słowacki’s work? Such opinions were formulated in Norwid’s series of lectures titled “O Juliuszu Słowackim” [“About Juliusz Słowacki”], especially in his interpretation of Anhelli [Anhelli] included there. Semantic analysis of fragments of the lectures about Słowacki allow us to indicate in conclusion the aesthetic, existential, and historiosophical reasons for such a choice.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i dlaczego spośród wzorów postaw romantycznych poetów Norwid wybrał wariant Juliusza Słowackiego. Dlaczego Mickiewiczowi i Krasińskiemu zarzucił historiozoficzne kłamstwo, a u Słowackiego odnalazł prawdę? Takie opinie zostały sformułowane w Norwidowskich odczytach O Juliuszu Słowackim, przede wszystkim w zawartej tam interpretacji Anhellego. Semantyczna analiza fragmentów lekcji o Słowackim pozwoliła wskazać w konkluzji estetyczne, egzystencjalne i historiozoficzne powody takiego wyboru.
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ŚREDNIOWIECZNE INSPIRACJE W POEZJI CYPRIANA NORWIDA

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PL
The author begins with underscoring Norwid’s defence of the intellectual achievements of the Middle Ages in part XII of Rzecz o wolności słowa. It prompts her to speculate about the importance and trajectories of reflections on the Middle Ages in Norwid’s poetry in general. Subsequently, Halkiewicz-Sojak casts the topic against the background concerning the romantic fascination with the Medieval tradition and specifically Polish difficulties in adapting the European (northern) variation of that current. On the one hand, Norwid’s considerations upon Godfred’s attitudes in Tasso’s Jersusalem Delivered and Cervantes’s Don Quixote lead to the conclusion that a nineteenth-century poet can only repeat Cervantes’s character’s gestures; therefore, for the author the Medieval props will be the book and the candle rather than a continuation of chivalrous adventures. On the other hand, Norwid – especially in the early drama mystery plays – conjures up poetic worlds of the Slavic Middle Ages and focuses his attention on the Christian initiation of the Slavdom.
EN
The author begins with underscoring Norwid’s defence of the intellectual achievements of the Middle Ages in part XII of Rzecz o wolności słowa. It prompts her to speculate about the importance and trajectories of reflections on the Middle Ages in Norwid’s poetry in general. Subsequently, Halkiewicz-Sojak casts the topic against the background concerning the romantic fascination with the Medieval tradition and specifically Polish difficulties in adapting the European (northern) variation of that current. On the one hand, Norwid’s considerations upon Godfred’s attitudes in Tasso’s Jersusalem Delivered and Cervantes’s Don Quixote lead to the conclusion that a nineteenth-century poet can only repeat Cervantes’s character’s gestures; therefore, for the author the Medieval props will be the book and the candle rather than a continuation of chivalrous adventures. On the other hand, Norwid – especially in the early drama mystery plays – conjures up poetic worlds of the Slavic Middle Ages and focuses his attention on the Christian initiation of the Slavdom.
EN
At the beginning of the 1990s,Tadeusz Różewicz prepared his own selection of poems by Norwid. Although this personal anthology was never published, a trace of it lingers in the form of the essay “To, co zostało z nienapisanej książki o Norwidzie” [What remains of the book on Norwid I never wrote], and more deeply – in the shape of numerous references to Norwid’s poetry and biography in Różewicz’s lyricism from the last quarter of his literary career. This article attempts to reconstruct Różewicz’s dialogue with his nineteenth-century precursor, which he initiatedlate in his life. Analysis incorporates several aspects of Harold Bloom’s theory of literary influence,indicating shared elements and polemical issues. Interpretations revolve primarily around works from those poetry books by Różewicz that contain particularly clear references to Norwid: Płaskorzeźba, Szara strefa, Nożyk profesora, Zawsze fragment. Recykling, and Wyjście. Conclusions drawn from a number of detailed, comparatist readings make it possible to establish thematic similarities (e.g. existential lack and incompleteness affecting both the lyrical subject and the poems’ protagonists, a predilection for developing figures who are misunderstood, inconspicuous, and hollowed out, etc.) andformal preferences (e.g. the use of ellipsis,terse and precise imagery, and consideration for the poem’s visual dimension). However, Różewicz also identifies in Norwid’s poetry certain things that repel him, e.g. lofty poetics, self-restraint with regard to sensuality, and the tendency to obscure the literal character of evil with symbolic images.
PL
Na początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. Tadeusz Różewicz przygotowywał swój autorski wybór wierszy Norwida. Antologia nie powstała, ale śladem pracy nad nią jest Różewiczowski szkic pt. To, co zostało z nienapisanej książki o Norwidzie, a głębszym rezultatem – intensywna obecność nawiązań do poezji i biografii Norwida w liryce Różewicza z ostatniego ćwierćwiecza twórczości. Tematem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja dialogu poety z dziewiętnastowiecznym prekursorem podjętego w późnej twórczości (analizowana przy zastosowaniu niektórych aspektów koncepcji badania wpływów literackich Harolda Blooma): wskazanie miejsc wspólnych i kwestii polemicznych. Materiałem skupiającym uwagę autorki, poddanym analizie i interpretacji, są przede wszystkim wiersze ze zbiorów poetyckich Różewicza szczególnie wyraziście nasyconych nawiązaniami do Norwida: z Płaskorzeźby, szarej strefy, nożyka profesora, recyklingu, wyjścia. Konkluzje wynikające z szeregu szczegółowych, komparatystycznych interpretacji pozwoliły odnaleźć współbrzmienia tematyczne (temat egzystencjalnego braku i niedopełnienia, które dotykają i podmiot wierszy, i lirycznych bohaterów, predylekcja do kreowania postaci niezrozumianych, niepozornych, ale i wewnętrznie wydrążonych…), pokrewne predylekcje warsztatowe (np. eliptyczność, oszczędne i precyzyjne obrazowanie, przywiązywanie wagi do graficznego kształtu wiersza). Różewicz znajduje jednak w poezji Norwida i takie cechy, które go odpychają, jak np. poetyka wzniosłości czy zmysłowa powściągliwość i przesłanianie symbolicznymi obrazami dosłowności zła.
EN
The January Uprising was for Norwid – along with the Revolutions of 1848 (the Spring of Nations) – a sequence of historical events forming his view on politics and history. The poet’s attitude towards the last Polish insurrection in the 19th century reconstructed by researchers (Adam Krechowiecki, Wiktor Weintraub, Zofia Stefanowska, Jacek Trznadel) is full of contradictions. The article poses the question about their sources. Analysis of Norwid’s poems, letters, as well as of memorials, calendars and articles written by the above mentioned historians of literature, leads to the conclusion that the discrepancies between the interpreters’ opinions result from three factors: the changing attitude of the poet towards the events of 1861-1864 (from enthusiastic support of the Warsaw manifestations preceding the Uprising to growing doubts that were concerned with the way of conducting the struggle and the insurgents’ moral grounds); the writers’ attitude towards the subject, that was determined by the particular historical moment, in which they took up the issue; and thirdly – from the Norwidian concept of historical time.
EN
The starting point of this article is the question of whether there is a connection between the Slavic theme in the early poetry of Karol Wojtyła and the papal teaching of John Paul II addressed to the Slavic nations. The main inspirations and ideas present in Wojtyla’s juvenilia are identified through the analysis of three aspects of his poetry: the creation of the subject, the literary kinship by choice and the historiosophical ideas evoked. The results of this comparative research indicates that the author’s poetic imagination is rooted primarily in the Bible and in the works of the Polish Romantic poets. A particularly privileged place here is occupied by Cyprian Norwid, the author of the poems Promethidion and Chopin’s Piano. The concept of nations and their historical mission in the papal teaching has numerous points in common with the Slavic thoughts of Adam Mickiewicz (in his Paris lectures) and Norwid in his poetry. The threads of selected homilies and the encyclical Slavorum Apostoli testify to this.
PL
Punktem wyjścia jest w artykule pytanie: Czy istnieje związek między tematem słowiańskim we wczesnej poezji Karola Wojtyły a papieskim nauczaniem Jana Pawła II skierowanym do narodów słowiańskich? Rozpoznaniu głównych inspiracji i idei obecnych w juweniliach Wojtyły służy analiza trzech aspektów jego poezji: kreacji podmiotu, literackich pokrewieństw z wyboru oraz ewokowanych idei historiozoficznych. Wynik komparatystycznego badania wskazuje na zakorzenienie poetyckiej wyobraźni Autora przede wszystkim w Biblii i w twórczości polskich poetów romantycznych. Szczególnie uprzywilejowane miejsce zajmuje tutaj Cyprian Norwid jako autor poematów Promethidion i Fortepian Szopena. Koncepcja narodów i ich dziejowej misji ma i w poezji, i w nauczaniu papieskim liczne punkty wspólne z myślą słowiańską Adama Mickiewicza (prelekcje paryskie) i Norwida. Świadczą o tym wątki wybranych homilii oraz encyklika Slavorum apostoli.
EN
The Slavonic theme was one of the important motifs in the reflection present in the Polish literature of the 19th century. It appeared in literary works, in journalism, and in literary criticism – taken up in several contexts: historiosophical, esthetic and political ones. Questions and controversies connected with it were formulated as early as the beginning of Romanticism in Kazimierz Brodziński’s and Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski’s treatises, and the Paris lectures on Slavic literature delivered by Adam Mickiewicz (1840-1844) were the most complete development of the subject. The motif can be found in works of every Polish writer belonging to the Romantic epoch. The present article both outlines the whole panorama and points to particular aspects of the Polish thought about Slavism and attempts to give an answer to the question about what position Norwid’s reflection has against this background, as in his works Slavic motifs with different intensity are present from the end of the 1840s to the last years of his life (the poem The Slav written in 1882). It points to both similarities to Brodziski’s, Mickiewicz’s, and Krasiński’s thought, and to an original character of Norwid’s reflection resulting first of all from the ever present in Norwid’s works tendency to confront Slavism with the Christian universalism. The values from the perspective of which Norwid takes up the subject are: freedom and hope understood not only in the political meaning, but also in the existential and religious sense. Such a view allowed the poet to avoid Slavophil tones and to maintain distrust of Pan-Slavism as a political doctrine. Analyses of Norwid’s works listed in the chronological order reveal the evolution of the poet’s ideological position: from hopes of a philosopher of history to doubts of an ironist. They also emphasized a multitude of aspects of this subject that are connected with the variety of ways to talk about it. Slavic motifs appear in dramatic mysteries (Wanda, Krakus) and in poems (e.g. The Song of Our Land, Chopin’s Piano, The Slav), in poetic treatises (Bondage, About Freedom of Speech), in discussions and letters.
EN
This article offers an interpretation of two poems by Cyprian Norwid, which are addressed toJózef Bohdan Zaleski: “Do Józefa Bohdana Zaleskiego w Rzymie 1847-o” [To Józef Bohdan Zalski in Rome, in the year 1847] and “Na przyjazd Teofila Lenartowicza do Fontainbleau” [On the Arrival of Teofil Lenartowicz in Fontainbleau] The latter is a poetic letter that recommends to Lenartowicz that he should pay a visit to the Zaleski family. These poems allow us a glimpse into the relationship between three nineteenth-century poets. The article elaborates on certain biographical elements but primarily reveals how the Norwid regarded the differences between his own imagination and poetic stance on the one hand and the works of his two friends on the other. Further, it shows how the awareness of this opposition led the poet to recognize aspects of his own place on the map of Polish poetry. Microanalysis of selected themes also facilitates indicating certain features they all share.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest interpretacja dwóch wierszy Cypriana Norwida, których adresatem był Józef Bohdan Zaleski: Do Józefa Bohdana Zaleskiego w Rzymie 1847-o oraz Na przyjazd Teofila Lenartowicza do Fontainbleau. Ten drugi utwór ma charakter poetyckiego listu rekomendującego wizytę Lenartowicza u Zaleskich. Wiersze pozwalają na wgląd w relacje łączące trzech dziewiętnastowiecznych poetów. Artykuł wydobywa aspekty biograficzne, ale przede wszystkim odsłania, w jaki sposób autor wierszy postrzegał różnice między swoją wyobraźnią i postawą poetycką a poezją obu przyjaciół, i jak świadomość tej opozycji prowadziła do rozpoznawania cech własnej sytuacji na mapie polskiej poezji. Mikroanaliza wybranych motywów pozwala również wskazać pewne miejsca wspólne.
EN
The January Uprising was for Norwid – along with the Revolutions of 1848 (the Spring of Nations) – a sequence of historical events forming his view on politics and history. The poet’s attitude towards the last Polish insurrection in the 19th century reconstructed by researchers (Adam Krechowiecki, Wiktor Weintraub, Zofia Stefanowska, Jacek Trznadel) is full of contradictions. The article poses the question about their sources. Analysis of Norwid’s poems, letters, as well as of memorials, calendars and articles written by the above mentioned historians of literature, leads to the conclusion that the discrepancies between the interpreters’ opinions result from three factors: the changing attitude of the poet towards the events of 1861-1864 (from enthusiastic support of the Warsaw manifestations preceding the Uprising to growing doubts that were concerned with the way of conducting the struggle and the insurgents’ moral grounds); the writers’ attitude towards the subject, that was determined by the particular historical moment, in which they took up the issue; and thirdly – from the Norwidian concept of historical time.
PL
Tematem artykułu są interpretacje i tezy zawarte w dwóch książkach Ewy Szczeglackiej-Pawłowskiej. Pierwsza z rozpraw, zatytułowana ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów, została poświęcona romantycznej sztuce czytania pokazanej na przykładzie Zygmunta Krasińskiego i jego lektur udokumentowanych w korespondencji. Druga – Romantyzm „brulionowy” – nurtowi poezji romantycznej ukrytemu w rozproszonych rękopisach, brulionach, sztambuchach. W obu książkach Norwid jest tylko jednym z bohaterów: w pierwszej pracy został pokazany jako jeden z poetów czytanych przez Krasińskiego, w drugiej – jako autor, który chciał tytułowy „brulionowy” wymiar poezji wprowadzić do oficjalnego kanonu literackiego. Autorka dowodzi tej ostatniej hipotezy, odwołując się do interpretacji Czarnych kwiatów i Vade-mecum. Wyciąga też wniosek, że była to jedna z przyczyn odrzucenia twórczości poety przez współczesnych czytelników. Jakkolwiek tezy Autorki obydwu rozpraw są poparte źródłowymi badaniami, to w przypadku wątku norwidowskiego wymagałyby szerszej egzemplifikacji.
EN
This article examines interpretations and theses contained in two books by Ewa Szczeglacka-Pawłowska. The first of the books entitled ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów [‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński as a reader of Polish poets] was devoted to the art of Romantic reading demonstrated on the example of Zygmunt Krasiński and his readings documented in his correspondence. The second book – Romantyzm „brulionowy” [“Draft paper” Romanticism] is dedicated to the stream of Romantic poetry hidden in scattered manuscripts, draft papers, albums. In both books Norwid is just one of the heroes: in the first work, he was portrayed as one of the poets read by Krasiński, and in the second – as an author who wanted to introduce the title “draft paper” dimension of poetry to the official literary canon. The author proves the latter hypothesis, referring to the interpretation of Czarne kwiaty [Black flowers] and Vade-mecum. She also concludes that this was one of the reasons for rejecting the poet’s work by contemporary readers. Although the theses postulated by the author of both books are supported by desk research, Norwid’s thread would require broader exemplification.
EN
This article examines interpretations and theses contained in two books by Ewa Szczeglacka-Pawłowska. The first of the books entitled ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów [‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński as a reader of Polish poets] was devoted to the art of Romantic reading demonstrated on the example of Zygmunt Krasiński and his readings documented in his correspondence. The second book – Romantyzm „brulionowy” [“Draft paper” Romanticism] is dedicated to the stream of Romantic poetry hidden in scattered manuscripts, draft papers, albums. In both books Norwid is just one of the heroes: in the first work, he was portrayed as one of the poets read by Krasiński, and in the second – as an author who wanted to introduce the title “draft paper” dimension of poetry to the official literary canon. The author proves the latter hypothesis, referring to the interpretation of Czarne kwiaty [Black flowers] and Vade-mecum. She also concludes that this was one of the reasons for rejecting the poet’s work by contemporary readers. Although the theses postulated by the author of both books are supported by desk research, Norwid’s thread would require broader exemplification.
PL
Tematem artykułu są interpretacje i tezy zawarte w dwóch książkach Ewy Szczeglackiej-Pawłowskiej. Pierwsza z rozpraw, zatytułowana ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów, została poświęcona romantycznej sztuce czytania pokazanej na przykładzie Zygmunta Krasińskiego i jego lektur udokumentowanych w korespondencji. Druga – Romantyzm „brulionowy” – nurtowi poezji romantycznej ukrytemu w rozproszonych rękopisach, brulionach, sztambuchach. W obu książkach Norwid jest tylko jednym z bohaterów: w pierwszej pracy został pokazany jako jeden z poetów czytanych przez Krasińskiego, w drugiej – jako autor, który chciał tytułowy „brulionowy” wymiar poezji wprowadzić do oficjalnego kanonu literackiego. Autorka dowodzi tej ostatniej hipotezy, odwołując się do interpretacji Czarnych kwiatów i Vade-mecum. Wyciąga też wniosek, że była to jedna z przyczyn odrzucenia twórczości poety przez współczesnych czytelników. Jakkolwiek tezy autorki obydwu rozpraw są poparte źródłowymi badaniami, to w przypadku wątku norwidowskiego wymagałyby szerszej egzemplifikacji.
EN
This article examines interpretations and theses contained in two books by Ewa Szczeglacka-Pawłowska. The first of the books entitled ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów [‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński as a reader of Polish poets] was devoted to the art of Romantic reading demonstrated on the example of Zygmunt Krasiński and his readings documented in his correspondence. The second book – Romantyzm „brulionowy” [“Draft paper” Romanticism] is dedicated to the stream of Romantic poetry hidden in scattered manuscripts, draft papers, albums. In both books Norwid is just one of the heroes: in the first work, he was portrayed as one of the poets read by Krasiński, and in the second – as an author who wanted to introduce the title “draft paper” dimension of poetry to the official literary canon. The author proves the latter hypothesis, referring to the interpretation of Czarne kwiaty [Black flowers] and Vade-mecum. She also concludes that this was one of the reasons for rejecting the poet’s work by contemporary readers. Although the theses postulated by the author of both books are supported by desk research, Norwid’s thread would require broader exemplification.
EN
The Slavonic theme was one of the important motifs in the reflection present in the Polish literature of the 19th century. It appeared in literary works, in journalism, and in literary criticism – taken up in several contexts: historiosophical, esthetic and political ones. Questions and controversies connected with it were formulated as early as the beginning of Romanticism in Kazimierz Brodziński’s and Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski’s treatises, and the Paris lectures on Slavic literature delivered by Adam Mickiewicz (1840-1844) were the most complete development of the subject. The motif can be found in works of every Polish writer belonging to the Romantic epoch. The present article both outlines the whole panorama and points to particular aspects of the Polish thought about Slavism and attempts to give an answer to the question about what position Norwid’s reflection has against this background, as in his works Slavic motifs with different intensity are present from the end of the 1840s to the last years of his life (the poem The Slav written in 1882). It points to both similarities to Brodziński’s, Mickiewicz’s, and Krasiński’s thought, and to an original character of Norwid’s reflection resulting first of all from the ever present in Norwid’s works tendency to confront Slavism with the Christian universalism. The values from the perspective of which Norwid takes up the subject are: freedom and hope understood not only in the political meaning, but also in the existential and religious sense. Such a view allowed the poet to avoid Slavophil tones and to maintain distrust of Pan-Slavism as a political doctrine. Analyses of Norwid’s works listed in the chronological order reveal the evolution of the poet’s ideological position: from hopes of a philosopher of history to doubts of an ironist. They also emphasized a multitude of aspects of this subject that are connected with the variety of ways to talk about it. Slavic motifs appear in dramatic mysteries (Wanda, Krakus) and in poems (e.g. The Song of Our Land, Chopin’s Piano, The Slav), in poetic treatises (Bondage, About Freedom of Speech), in discussions and letters.
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Spór o mesjanizm Norwida

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Londyński „Norwid”

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Spór o mesjanizm Norwida

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Londyński „Norwid”

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