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EN
The purpose of this article is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of affirmative action in the Brazilian system of higher education, which is aimed at benefitting Afro- Brazilians suffering from the legacy of structural racism and economic inequality. The authors will highlight some of the problems linked to the racial quota system, and demonstrate that its implementation is deeply hindered by several factors, such as traditional denial of existing racial prejudice in Brazilian society, a lack of precise, normative definitions of eligibility for programs, failure of pre-university public education to properly prepare students for university-level academics, and – last but not least – a lack of sufficient support from academic institutions. The article will present both quantitative and qualitative data that show the expectations, doubts, and fears of the Brazilian academic environment with regard to the racial quota system. After a review of Brazil’s racial history and an analysis of students’ and professors’ opinions, the authors will argue that, in order for colored citizens to become fully integrated into Brazilian society, they must first be legally enabled to overcome social, educational, and economic obstacles and handicap.
EN
In the article, referring to the economic theories of religion by Stark and Bainbridge, the authors present comparative characteristics of the two religious markets (Polish and Brazilian), showing briefly their respective historical background, current state, as well as dynamics of growth in the religious sectors of both countries, taking as examples two important cases of innovative religious entrepreneurs: Father Tadeusz Rydzyk (Catholic Church) in Poland and Bishop Edir Macedo (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) in Brazil.
PL
Opierajac się na ekonomicznych teoriach rynków religijnych Starka i Baingride’a, autorki przedstawiają porównawczą charakterystykę dwóch rynków religijnych (polskiego i brazylijskiego), ukazując krótki zarys ich historycznego rozwoju, stan obecny, jak również dynamikę wzrostu sektorów religijnych w obydwu krajach, na przykładzie działalności dwóch innowacyjnych religijnych przedsiębiorców: Ojca Tadeusza Rydzyka (Kościół katolicki) w Polsce oraz Biskupa Edira Macedo (Uniwersalny Kościół Królestwa Bożego) w Brazylii.
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