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EN
The issue of accountability is extremely important due to the efforts to measure the degree of efficiency of political systems. Recently, the researches on accountability are conducted at the supranational level, including research on the European Union system. Therefore, this article will try to answer the question whether or not the mechanisms of accountability promote efficient governance in transnational dimension in the European Union and also whether these are just another carbon copy of the solutions adopted in national States, which are not applicable at transnational level. Consequently, we will investigate the functioning of the key institutions and bodies of the European Union in terms of accountability. To examine how efficient is the system of accountability in the European Union in terms of multi-level governance we will be using model of accountability proposed by Guillermo O’Donnell.
EN
The aim of this paper is an analysis of security strategies and other strategic documents of Poland and Spain examining the importance given in them to the question of political radicalism and terrorism. The influence of chosen international and internal factors on shape of the security strategy has been analyzed, among them the Polish and Spanish public opinion. Such a construction of the paper allowed us to answer to the following questions: to what extent the threat posed by political radicalism and terrorism influence the security strategy of the given country and to what extent external and internal factors contributed to the reform of the strategies in both countries.
Językoznawstwo
|
2024
|
vol. 20
|
issue 1
161-178
EN
The aim of this article is to compare the linguistic pictures of rain in Polish and Chinese phraseology, to show their similarities and divergences, and to present the valuation of the ‘rain’ element itself. The study also attempts to find the reasons for the differences existing in linguistic interpretations of reality created by Polish and Chinese people. The semantic-lexical and comparative analysis was carried out using the theory and tools of the linguistic picture of the world, which makes it possible to learn and understand non-superficially the culture preserved in the language of given nations. The research includes the lexicographic data extracted from Polish and Chinese monolingual dictionaries (general and phraseological) and from Chinese-English bilingual dictionaries. The analysis showed, inter alia, that the reconstructed worldviews share common features resulting from both the physical characteristics of rain and the communicative function of language. The discrepancies are, however, more visible, and the linguistic pictures specific to Polish and Chinese highlight the differences in the perception of reality by the users of these languages.
PL
Celem artykułu jest porównanie językowych obrazów deszczu występujących we frazeologii polskiej i chińskiej, ukazanie ich podobieństw i rozbieżności oraz przedstawienie wartościowania samego elementu deszczu. Praca stanowi również próbę odnalezienia przyczyn różnic w wykreowanych przez Polaków i Chińczyków w językowych interpretacjach rzeczywistości. Do analizy semantyczno-leksykalnej i komparatystycznej wykorzystane zostały założenia oraz narzędzia JOS, dzięki którym możliwe jest niepowierzchowne poznanie i zrozumienie kultury utrwalonej w języku danych narodów. W badaniu wykorzystane zostały dane leksykograficzne wyekscerpowane z polskich i chińskich słowników jednojęzycznych (ogólnych i frazeologicznych) oraz chińsko-angielskich słowników dwujęzycznych. Analiza wykazała między innymi, że obrazy te mają wspólne cechy wynikające z kwestii fizycznych, jak również z komunikatywnej funkcji języka. Rozbieżności są jednak bardziej uwidocznione, a językowe obrazy deszczu specyficzne dla języka polskiego i chińskiego uwydatniają różnice w postrzeganiu rzeczywistości przez użytkowników tych języków.
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