Celowość tworzenia przez państwo preferencyjnych warunków dla krajowych inwestycji bezpośrednich jest trudniejsza do wyjaśnienia niż dla inwestycji bezpośrednich napływających z zagranicy. Wątpliwości dotyczą szczególnie krajów takich jak Polska, które w odróżnieniu od wielu innych gospodarek wschodzących cierpią na niedobór własnych oszczędności. Jednak kolejne polskie przedsiębiorstwa podejmują działalność gospodarczą inwestując za granicą. Mimo że skala tej ekspansji nie jest na razie duża, to w świetle koncepcji ścieżki rozwoju inwestycyjnego J. Dunninga należy oczekiwać jej wzrostu w najbliższych latach. Rodzi to pytanie o celowość wspierania polskich inwestycji bezpośrednich (PIB) ze środków publicznych. Działania w tym zakresie muszą mieścić się w ramach zakreślonych przez polskie prawo dewizowe i wspólne reguły konkurencji UE. Instrumenty możliwe do zastosowania są liczne i urozmaicone. Jednak ich wykorzystanie w Polsce było dotychczas więcej niż skromne. Może to być uzasadnione ze względu na brak badań oceniających skutki PIB dla gospodarki. Artykuł przedstawia dotychczas stosowane narzędzia wspierające te inwestycje i formułuje rekomendacje dla polityki w tym zakresie.
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It is much more difficult to justify why a State would like to offer preferential conditions to OFDI than in the case of IFDI. Such doubts are raised in particular in countries like Poland which, differently from many other emerging economies, suffer from shortages in their own savings. However, more and more Polish enterprises locate their economic operations abroad. Although the scale of expansion is still not very impressive, in the light of the idea proposed in the Investment Development Path by J. Dunning, we should expect its intensification in the years to come. Therefore the question is whether supporting OFDI from public resources would be a reasonable policy. The government intervention must remain within the framework of Polish foreign currency law and common EU competition rules. Instruments available under the two regimes are numerous and versatile. Nevertheless, their application in Poland has so far been more than modest. It could be justified by the lack of knowledge about the effects of OFDI for Poland’s economy. The paper aims at presenting the measures applied so far to support the OFDI in Poland and at formulating recommendations for such policy.
The suspension of Doha negotiations in July 2006 does not imply that the Round will finally collapse. It seems interesting to evaluate from the current Polish perspective whether multilateral system for agriculture should be maintained in its present form. Thinking globally, multilateral liberalisation is good since, in terms of welfare, the EU will be its main beneficiary and Poland became a member country. The EU seems also morally responsible for the success of the Doha Round, which was meant to support developing countries. However, when national sector perspective is adopted instead of a global one, Poland should rather oppose multilateral liberalization. The accession to the EU provided excellent opportunities to develop agricultural production and exports. Also domestic conditions (farm labour, farm size structure, net transfers from general EU budget) favour integration over global opening to trade.
The phenomenon of the world trading system is not easy to explain. It may be analyzed as an international regime. Its evolution reflects both deregulatory and regulatory tendencies in economic policy. Realistic and liberal theories of international relations do not offer convincing explanations why it was created in 1947 and why, since then, it has developed attracting new members and enlarging its scope of intervention. In the literature there are at least 4 different concepts explaining why the countries decided to limit their sovereignty and to subordinate their trade policy to the international regime: comparative advantage, Prisoner’s Dilemma, embedded liberalism, and enhanced credibility of government policy.
Association Agreements (AA) are specific tools invented by the EC for shaping relations with third countries. They may provide for preferential trade and economic cooperation but also may support political, economic and social reforms, may prepare them for membership or may substitute for being the EC member country. They reflect the center - perihery relations. Since the first AA with Greece and Turkey in the early 1960’s they grew in number and became more complex. The most important extension relates to political dialogue with associated countries. Still they do not cover security issues. The EC uses them to promote fundamental “European values”. Such policy serves to build her sphere of influence in order to increase economic and political stability in the continent. From this point of view the AA were only partly successful in the 1990’s. The biggest achievement was preparing 8 former communist countries for membership in relatively short time. The EC failed however in stabilizing relations in other sub-regions, like the Balkans and the Middle East.
The history of logal regulations concerning foreign investments in Poland is quite short, although it is much more complicated than their role in the economy so far. The main problem was inherent in the adaptation of foreign entitles to the management system based on commands and central allocations of Industrial supplies in conditions of an economic disequilibrium in Poland. That is why it will be difficult to ensure attractive conditions of their activity for foreign Investors and, simultaneously, safeguard the fundamental economic Interests of the country without carrying out comprehensive changes initiated by the Stabilization Programme. The present version of the Law about partnerships with foreign capital also calls for « radical change to eliminate numerous elements of the administrative control over the process of foreign investments.
W artykule omówiono główne zasady kierowania gospodarką i handlem zagranicznym wprowadzone w 1977 r. w zmodyfikowanym systemie WOG. Dokonano oceny tych zmian z punktu widzenia decentralizacji decyzji. Główny nacisk położono przy tym na analizę zgodności obowiązujących rozwiązań z zadaniami strategii w dziedzinie rozwijania opłacalnego eksportu i racjonalizacji importu. Przyczyny braku postępu w przywracaniu równowagi bilansu płatniczego tkwią m. in. w sferze systemu bieżącego kierowania i wymagają powrotu do koncepcji decentralizacji tylko w tych dziedzinach, w których tak jak w eksporcie, zobiektywizowane ceny i wymierne wyniki dają podstawę do stosowania silnych bodźców materialnych.
Developed countries still dominate international markets in agriculture products although recently several developing countries threatened their position. At the same time, the GATT/WTO community agreed to start liberalizing agricultural trade. At first, in the Uruguay Round some general conditions and foundations for negotiations were formulated. The real talks started during Doha Round becoming soon its most controversial issue and they were indeterminably suspended in July 2006. There were at least two main reasons of this deadlock: first, protection in different countries is still difficult to compare, second, there is no significant progress in agricultural policy in the USA, in the UE-25 and in Japan.
Replacement of effectiveness growth as a goal of the reform in foreign trade by maximization of hard currency revenues made it necessary to effect corresponding changes in applied instruments. As a result, there were eliminated effectiveness-promoting solutions envisaged by the reform concept, which were replaced by the para-command system sometimes departing quite significantly from provisions contained in the main legal acts concerning the reform'. And although these departures were to be in force only in the transition period, their application is prolonged in practice, which hampers implementation of the strategy and undermines faith in an irreversible character of the reform. Deformation of the currency exchange rate-price mechanism had particularly farreaching consequences. Without basing this mechanism on rules contained in the concept of the reform, its further development is an illusion.
Many interpretations of the economic calculus can be found in the economic theory and practice. As an instrument of optimal allocation of resources, the calculus was utilized on a wider scale in Poland in the second half of the sixties. In Western countries, this type of economic calculus is known as "cost- benefit analysis " and is used in as se s sing profitability of some investments from the general social view point . Their experience may prove to be useful in the centrally planned economy both on the national scale and in implementation of the CMEA integration programme.
Theoretically the management system of foreign trade constitutes an integral part of the management system of the whole economy. Nonetheless, despite the ever-growing role of foreign trade in creation of the national income, changes in the system of management of this sphere do not always correspond to changes in the whole system. Sources of reforms in management of foreign trade must be sought in the theory (model analysis) and in practical difficulties of rapid growth processes. The level of productive forces does not represent a sufficient index for assessment of the degree of decentralization of decisions in foreign trade.
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