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Traces of early Egyptian burial rituals in Proto- and Early Dynastic graves from Tell el-Farkha

100%
Dębowska-Ludwin J.
Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization
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2012
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vol. 16
39-48
EN
The widely unplundered cemetery at Tell el-Farkha has preserved some elements of burials, such as the presence of ochre, pure sand and liquid mud. This can be best explained as ritually motivated. Funerary feasts, food offerings and deposits of granary models and so-called ‘granary’ jars seem also to have represented some beliefs connected to the afterlife. More difficult to interpret are the examples of subsidiary and incomplete burials also registered at the site. Finally, it is worth mentioning niche decorated façades that evolved into cult niches and later into the false doors well-known from the Pharaonic period, which were tightly connected to sepulchral beliefs. The presented material offers a rare and unique insight into the process of establishing burial rituals during the early stages of Egyptian civilization.
2
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The necropolis at Tell el-Farkha reconsidered

100%
Dębowska-Ludwin J.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2010
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vol. 2
5-20
EN
Works on the necropolis at Tell el-Farkha have reached the 9th season and resulted in locating over 100 burials. In this situation, almost every succeeding campaign was bringing such a number of new data that preliminary statements were continuously being changed almost year by year. Numerous analyses of pottery, stone vessels, architectural details and stratigraphy, finally, seem to lead to some more profound conclusions. According to them, all graves at Tell el-Farkha have been divided into 3 main chronological groups. Group 1 is the oldest one. It is dated back from Naqada IIIB phase to the middle of Dynasty 1. People buried in the graves of this group represented wealthy society, and they also experimented, trying to reach a perfect grave form. The process is the best explanation of the presence of so many “strange” structures and differences in position of the deceased, but on the other hand, also numerous elements of typically early dynastic burial custom (e.g. niche façades or subsidiary burials) seem to emerge in that time. Tombs belonging to the group 2 come from the middle of Dynasty 1 to late Dynasty 1 or even to early Dynasty 2. Main social features they express are stressing of wealth inequality and presence of clearly definite and quite strictly obeyed rules of burial ritual. However the graves of the younger group are clearly a continuation of the older custom and so the origin of both societies must have been similar, the changes in orientation of tombs as well as examples of younger burials cutting into older ones suggest that both groups were divided by short break in occupation of cemetery. The final phase (group 3) of the cemetery at Tell el-Farkha was surely separated from the previous ones by a much longer period of time. The tombs representing phase in question are distributed only in the highest part of the tell, and may be dated on the basis of stratigraphic observations to the beginning of the Old Kingdom. They characterise of very simple burial custom (all the bodies were found resting in simple pits) and are hardly equipped with any objects.
3
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Bone material and mineralogical processes of its destruction at the site of Tell el-Farkha

63%
Pawlikowski M., Dębowska-Ludwin J.
Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization
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2011
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vol. 15
37-47
EN
Destruction of artifacts present at archaeological sites is the process leading to disappearance of objects. That is why determination of ways and stages of destruction may help reconstruct important finds. The article deals with results of investigation of bones damage at the Pre- and Early Dynastic archeological site of Tell el-Farkha located in the Nile Delta. Archaeological importance of bone material is pointed as well as usual context of its discovery. Then, two ways of bone destruction are described – chemical by dissolution and disintegration by crystallization of secondary minerals at the bone structure. Additionally, it was stated that although animal bones are generally discovered in rather poor condition, they are usually better preserved than human bones observed as skeletons at tombs. This phenomenon is the effect of various burial rules of human and animal remains. Human skeletons were buried with all tissues and products of decomposition represented mostly by organic acids formed due to tissue decomposition lead to damage of human bones. Bones of animals were usually buried out of meat therefore the mentioned processes did not take place.
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