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1
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Zróżnicowanie siedlisk i drzewostanów w lasach gminy Szadek

100%
Woziwoda B.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2009
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issue 09
119-133
EN
The forests of Szadek commune are diversify with regard to habitat conditions and tree stand composition. Over a century of use of the forests as a result of the fragmentation of forests complexes, exploitation of the forest for timber, cultivation of Pinus sylvestris monocultures, introduction of alien wood species (Quercus rubra, Robinia pseudoaccacia) and a change of water regime and soil conditions, the natural forests have been changed and new anthropogenic communities have been developed. The present structure and species composition of tree stand are mainly a result of forest management and frequently they are incompatible with habitat conditions.
2
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Zróżnicowanie flory roślin naczyniowych w uroczysku Rzepiszew

100%
Woziwoda B.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2011
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issue 11
75-91
EN
The old forest complex of Rzepiszew (76.81 ha of land) is located in the east part of Szadek commune. It is surrounded by arable fields and meadows. At present it is a timber forest, but forest management is based on ecological rules. 260 Vascular plant species forming 55 families have been found in this area during field research which was carried out in years 2006-2010. The identified species represent different types of growth (= life forms in Raunkiaer's terminology) Hemicryp- tophytes have been found to dominate. The flora contains plants from various ecological groups classed according to light conditions, moisture of soil, soil acidity and soil trophy. Most of them are stenotopic plants - they have a limited (narrow) ecological amplitude. The true forest species are the most valuable components of flora. Seven among them are protected by law.
3
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Formy ochrony szaty roślinnej w gminie Szadek

100%
Woziwoda B.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2008
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issue 08
143-150
EN
As a result of a high degree of natural environment transformation in the neighbourhood of Szadek the variety of forms of nature protection is rather limited in this area. There is a nature reserve 'Jamno' with an area of 22.56 ha established in 1959 to protect the fir and oak forest at the northerly limit of the area where the fir-tree is found. In old manor and village parks there are some very old trees – the register of nature monuments within the communes lists 24 such trees. There also are some areas of plants with protected status – about 45 species of plants designated as rare or threatened with extinction. Preservation of the natural environment in the commune requires long-range action, including both legal regulation and promotion of ecological awareness.
4
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Flora Lasu Szadkowskiego

100%
Woziwoda B.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2007
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issue 07
185-195
5
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Walory botaniczne śródleśnego stawu w Wilamowie

100%
Woziwoda B.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2010
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issue 10
161-170
EN
The wetland ecosystems are among the most endangered in Poland. Small water bodies situated within forest complexes are the habitat of many unique species of flora and fauna. They are also an important part of compound hydrological systems in forest ecosystems. The occurrence of more than 90 vascular plant species was noted as a result of research on plants diversity of natural pond (it is about 200 m2 in surface area) with its surroundings, which is located in Wilamów forest complex (the eastern part of Szadek commune). The list of plants includes vulnerable species such as: Nymphaea alba, Drosera rotundifolia, Nuphar lutea, Ledum palustre (endangered and protected by the law), Eriophorum vaginatum and E. angustifolium (locally rare and endangered). This natural site is worthy of preservation and establishment of “Śródleśny staw w Wilamo-wie” nature protected area is suggested. A stable hydrological regime is the most important for maintenance of biodiversity of this place.
6
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Charakterystyka geobotaniczna rzeki Pichna Szadkowicka na odcinku od źródła w Zimnej Wodzie do ujścia z terenu Uroczyska Wojsławice

63%
Woziwoda B., Szczerkowska-Majchrzak E.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2014
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issue 14
179-188
EN
The paper presents the river valley physiography and the selected hydraulic, physics and chemical parameters of the upper section of small lowland river – Pichna Szadkowicka (the Warta river catchment, Central Poland). The strong relationship between the river and river valley habitat’s characteristics and the plant species and vegetation diversity was noted. Around one hundred (93) of vascular plant species was noted in total, including Listera ovata (strictly protected) and partially protected: Hedera helix, Viburnum opulus, Frangula alnus and Hepatica nobilis. The high natural (botanical) and landscape values of the researched section of the Pichna Szadkowicka river with adjacent parts of Wojsławice forest complex justify additionally their protection in the network of forests reference plots and of the High Conservation Value Forests (HCFV).
7
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Żółtlice, kolczurki, niecierpki i inne rośliny inwazyjne w Szadku

63%
Woziwoda B., Suwara-Szmigielska S.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2012
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issue 12
EN
lnvasive alien plants are harmful non-native plant species whose introduction or spread threatens the environment, the economy, and society, including human health. They can be introduced from other continents or from one region of the same continent to another. The kenophytes are alien plants introduced to Europe after 1492. As much as 46 kenophytes have been recorded in Szadek (in years 2003-2009), what is almost 10% of the fiora of the city (in total: 502 vascular plant species). The most of "aliens” originate from the New World - from eastern and northern North America (22 species), and from northern South America and Central America (3). The species introduced from south-western, western or form central parts of Asia (19) and/or from southern, south-eastern or eastern Europe (18) are the next important group of alien plants. 27 species appear to have arrived in Europe and in Poland through intentional in- troductions (as omamentals, melliferous plants, as agricultural crop etc.). The others (19 species), now recognized as weeds, have been introduced for research or as botanical curiosities (and escaped from botanical collections, gardens etc.) or they were unintentionally brought with other plant products, packing material or in ballast soil. About 70% of noted kenophytes are recognized as invasive in Poland. Some of them, e.g. lmpatiens parviflora and Galinsoga parviƒlora, are already widespread in Szadek and poses threat native biodiversity. The others, e.g. Echinocystis lobata or Reynoutria japonica, are rarely noted, but the growing awareness of the threats posed by these species as well as of possible risk of their invasiveness, require monitoring of localities and active prevention of their further spread.
8
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Mszaki rezerwatu „Jamno”

51%
Wolski G. J., Woziwoda B., Pawicka K.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2012
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issue 12
159-170
EN
The 39 bryophytes species – seven liverworts and 32 mosses belonged to 21 families have been noted in “Jamno” nature reserve in 2011. Hypnaceae, Brachytheciaceae and Dicranaceae are families represented by the highest number of species (see table 1). Bryophytes grow on various type of habitat: epigeic – mineral soil, humus and litter, epiphytic – bark of trees, epixylic – tree stumps and epilithic – stones. The highest number of mosses was found on bark of silver firs Abies alba, pedunculate oaks Quercus robur, silver birches Betula pendula and Scots pines Pinus sylvestris. Five valuable protected species Dicranum scoparium, Leucobryum glaucum, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum and Thuidium tamariscinum were noted in this small forest reserve. The occurrence of one mountain species Hypnum pallescens is also interesting and noteworthy.
9
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Zalesianie gruntów rolnych i nieużytków w gminie Szadek w latach 1995–2015

51%
Woziwoda B., Lisek S., Ambrożkiewicz K.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2016
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vol. 16
349-361
EN
The increase in forest cover and the reduction in agricultural land area has become a common feature of the contemporary landscape in Poland. This article presents an overview of the trends of farmland afforestation in the Commune of Szadek in the last two decades. The economic factors that shaped the process of farmland to woodland transformation are presented. The results show that the forest land area has increased in the last 20 years. In general, around 300 ha of arable land and wasteland were afforested in the years 1995–2015, of which 172 ha belonged to owners from the private sector. However, in the last decade there were only 27 ha of private lands converted to woodlands. Since Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004, the afforestation of arable lands has been financially supported by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) within the Rural Development Programme (RDP) in accordance with the principles of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The financial support of afforestation programme in the Commune of Szadek amounts over 800 thousands zloty per 23,75 ha of woodlands (data of Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture). The scale and rate of farmland afforestation depended on the available financial measures and sufficiently clear rules for afforestation programmes within RDP. However, the negative economic experiences arising from the instability of the contemporary Polish and European economies and rules, curbs the process of economically (afforestation of land unsuitable for agricultural use) and/or ecologically (forest restoration within a deforested landscape) justified afforestation of poor agricultural lands and wastelands.
PL
Charakterystyczną cechą przemian współczesnego krajobrazu Polski jest zmniejszanie się powierzchni gruntów rolniczo użytkowanych na rzecz lasów. W pracy przedstawiono dane na temat zalesień słabych gruntów rolnych i tzw. nieużytków zrealizowanych w gminie Szadek w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu. Odnotowano, że w analizowanym okresie powierzchnia lasów tego obszaru zwiększyła się o około 300 ha. Uprawy leśne założono na ponad 170 ha gruntów prywatnych, przy czym w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu zalesiono zaledwie 27 ha. Działalność związana ze zmianą formy użytkowania gruntu prywatnego z rolnego na leśny jest od 2004 r. (po wstąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej) wspierana finansowo ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Rolnego na rzecz Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej UE. Według danych Agencji Restrukturyzacji i Modernizacji Rolnictwa w Gminie Szadek na zalesienie 23,75 ha gruntów przeznaczono ponad 800 tys. zł (w ramach Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich). Stwierdzono, że rozmiar realizowanych zalesień był warunkowany m.in. brakiem długoterminowej stabilności zasad udzielania wsparcia finansowego, ale też znaczącym wzrostem wartości rynkowej gruntów rolnych. Brak stabilizacji gospodarczej czy politycznej oraz zmiany regulacji prawnych związanych z użytkowaniem gruntów rolnych i leśnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej, w tym w Polsce, hamują – uzasadniony względami ekonomicznymi (zalesianie gruntów nieodpowiednich do prowadzenia gospodarki rolnej) i ekologicznymi (odtworzenie ekosystemów leśnych w krajobrazie zdominowanym przez pola uprawne) – proces zalesiania słabych gruntów rolnych i nieużytków.
10
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Flora roślin naczyniowych rezerwatu „Jamno”

51%
Pawicka K., Woziwoda B., Wolski G. J.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2012
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issue 12
145-157
EN
The 96 Vascular plant species belonging to 36 families have been identified in “Jamno” nature reserve during field investigations which were done in 2011. The species represent different types of growth (= life forms in Raunkiaer”s classification system), With hemicryptophytes being the dominant form. The fiora contains plants from Various ecological groups depending on light requirements, moisture of the soil, soil acidity and soil trophy. Most of the plants tolerates shaded and semi-shaded sites, fresh and moderately acid or nearly neutral soils of intermediate fertility. The indigenous forest species are the most valuable components of flora. Among them Convallaria majalis, Frangula alnus and Viburnum opulus are protected by law. The parasite plant Monotropa hypopitis and half-parasites: Viscum abietis, Malampyrum nemorosum and Melampyrum pratense, are “botanical curiosities” of the reserve.
11
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Charakterystyka lasu grądowego z jodłą w rezerwacie „Jamno”

51%
Woziwoda B., Pawicka K., Wolski G. J.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2012
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issue 12
127-143
EN
The “Jamno” nature reserve was established to protect the forest community with European silver fir Abies alba Mill. on the northern border of natural occurrence of this tree species in Poland. The results of current phytosociological studies (done in 2011) show that the oak-hornbeam forest – Tilio-Carpinetum calamagrostietosum association with Abies alba, exist within reserve. The present structure and species composition of studied community is determined by spontaneous changes of tree stand. The different proportion of silver fir in shrub and tree stand layers indicate the dynamic changes within this species population.
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