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TAIWANESE TRADITIONAL FOLK BELIEFS

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The author discusses the ways the post-war Taiwan has become a depositary of traditional Chinese culture and its important part - i.e. beliefs. The author provides a panorama of the phenomena composing the rich image of popular beliefs of Taiwan - folk religion, animistic beliefs and religious syncretism. The folk imagination concerning the rapport between Heaven, Earth and Hades is being presented. Within such a frame, the author provides a description of the most important gods' functions, symbols and attributes. An analysis of the so called contemporary New Religions of Taiwan has also been made - highlighting the syncretism seen as a key of their construction. The author also provides an analysis of the way the new religious movements satisfy the crucial needs and reassure social inquietudes of the modern Taiwanese society.
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The article analyzes the role the 'new' Confucianism plays in East Asia. There have to be defined two different trends: the 'new' Confucianism present now and the one that is ten centuries old. That is why it would be best to use 'contemporary, new Confucianism' as the term denoting the current attempts at reanimation of Confucianism in the PRC. The article presents the origin of the 'contemporary, new Confucianism', the Japanese attempts at adapting Chinese Confucianism to reinforce the imperial power in Japan, and criticism of Confucianism undertaken by Chinese intellectuals in the first two decades of the 20th century under the influence of Western philosophy. Then, it concentrates on reconstruction of various realms of traditional Chinese culture (with special focus on Confucian ethics in Taiwan after 1950), and attempts at applying Confucianism in Southeast Asia in the 2nd half of the 20th century. Finally, it sums up Chinese philosopher's, Wang Deyou, thoughts on contemporary Confucianism as well as contemporary discussion about its cardinal questions.
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THE TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS OF THE TAIWANESE

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The article is a review of traditional Chinese customs, enriched with specific Chinese features, that are still alive in Taiwan. It provides a synthetic description of customs pertaining to the family, granting first and last names, nativity, initiation, weddings and funerals, and celebration of the most important traditional holidays. These phenomena were broadly described and classified by a Taiwanese ethnologist, Professor Juan Ch'ang-rue, whose work devoted to the question of traditional customs, as well as an earlier one, dealing with Taiwanese traditional folk religions, has already been translated from the Chinese into Polish by the author of this article. In the conclusion, the authori postulates to examine the current level of preservation of these behaviours and their evolution in the face of modernization and Western influences.
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